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Binciken Zurfin Zurfin: FE Ford Manifolds

Binciken Zurfin Zurfin: FE Ford Manifolds

Binciken Zurfin Zurfin: FE Ford Manifolds

Tushen Hoto:pexels

Yawan shan injunataka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta aikin injin. Waɗannan abubuwan haɗin gwiwar suna tabbatar da ingantaccen iska da rarraba mai ga kowane silinda, haɓaka ƙarfin dawakai, juzu'i, da amsawar magudanar ruwa. TheAbubuwan da aka bayar na FE Fordsuna da tarihin tarihi a cikin al'ummar mota. An san su don ƙaƙƙarfan ƙira da ƙarfin aiki, waɗannan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan suna da alaƙa da nasarar injinan FE Ford. Wannan shafin yana nufin samar da zurfin bita na nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan FE Ford iri-iri, yana nuna fasalin su, ma'aunin aiki, da dacewa ga aikace-aikace daban-daban.

Bayanin FE Ford Ciniki Manifolds

Bayanin FE Ford Ciniki Manifolds
Tushen Hoto:pexels

Tarihi da Juyin Halitta

Tsarin Farko

Tsarin farko naAbubuwan da aka bayar na FE Fordkafa harsashin yin suna a masana'antar kera motoci. Da farko, waɗannan nau'ikan nau'ikan sun mai da hankali kan karko da dogaro. Abubuwan simintin ƙarfe da aka yi amfani da su a farkon samfura sun ba da ƙarfi amma ya ƙara nauyi ga injin. Waɗannan ƙirar farko sun yi niyya don haɓaka ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarfi, yana mai da su dacewa da aikace-aikacen nauyi mai nauyi.

“TheBabban FE Intake Comparo" ya ba da haske daban-daban da aka gwada a cikin shekaru hudu, ciki har da Blue Thunder da Dove. Wannan gwaji mai yawa ya nuna cewafactory jefa baƙin ƙarfe 4V manifoldsisar da ingantacciyar juzu'i mai ƙarancin ƙarewa amma ya faɗi cikin sauri cikin ƙarfi sama da 3000 RPM.

Ingantaccen Zamani

Abubuwan haɓakawa na zamani sun canzaAbubuwan da aka bayar na FE Fordcikin manyan abubuwan da aka gyara. Masu kera kamar Edelbrock sun gabatar da nau'ikan aluminum, suna rage nauyi sosai yayin haɓaka aiki. Ana ba da shawarar abubuwan ci na Aluminum irin su Mai Aikata da Streetmaster bisa takamaiman buƙatun wutar lantarki.

Fitowa na baya-bayan nan kamarCiwan Speedmaster don injunan FE6-71Mai hurawanuna ci gaba a cikin ƙira da dacewa. Wannan sabon ci yana ba da kyakkyawar tashar tashar jiragen ruwa da ta dace da tashar jiragen ruwa na shugabannin FE, ko da yake yana buƙatar tsayin daka mara kyau da wasu gyare-gyare zuwa ramukan turawa.

Nau'o'in Rubutun Ciki

Jirgin sama guda daya vs Dual-jirgin sama

Nau'o'in ɗaukar jirgin sama guda ɗaya da na jirgi biyu suna ba da buƙatun ayyuka daban-daban. Manifolds guda ɗaya na jirgin sama suna samar da ingantacciyar iska a mafi girman ingin, yana haɓaka ƙarfin dawakai. Waɗannan su ne manufa don aikace-aikacen tsere inda babban aikin RPM ke da mahimmanci.

Dual-plane manifolds suna haɓaka ƙaramar jujjuyawar ƙaramar ƙarfi ta hanyar haɓaka rarrabawar iska a cikin duk silinda a ƙananan RPMs. Waɗannan cikakke ne don aikin titi, suna ba da ingantacciyar amsawar magudanar ruwa da tuƙi.

"Haɓaka nau'in nau'in abun ciki na iya haɓaka rarrabawar iska zuwa kowane silinda," haɓaka haɓakar haɓakawa da haɓaka ƙarfin dawakai, juzu'i, da mayar da martani.

Bambance-bambancen Abu: Aluminum vs Ford Cast Iron

Zaɓin kayan abu yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen aiwatar da aikinAbubuwan da aka bayar na FE Ford. Simintin ƙarfe ya kasance zaɓi mai ɗorewa amma yana ƙara nauyi mai yawa ga haɗar injin. Wannan abu ya yi fice a aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar ingantaccen gini ba tare da damuwa don tanadin nauyi ba.

Aluminum ya zama abin da aka fi so saboda yanayinsa mara nauyi da mafi girman kaddarorin watsar da zafi. Ana ɗaukar nau'in nau'in ci na aluminum akan injin FE a matsayin ƙari mai mahimmanci, musamman lokacin da aka samu amfani da shi. Samfura kamar suEdelbrock Performer RPMbayar da gagarumin ci gaba a duka karfin juyi da aikin injin gabaɗaya.

Ma'aunin Aiki

Sakamakon Gwajin Dyno

Gwajin Dyno yana ba da bayanai masu ƙididdigewa kan yadda ya bambantaAbubuwan da aka bayar na FE Fordyi ƙarƙashin yanayin sarrafawa. A 'babban fufen ci m Volaro "ya ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan arba'in daban-daban guda shida zuwa injunan da suka faru daga 350 zuwa 675 dawakai.

Factory simintin ƙarfe 4V manifolds sun nuna kyakkyawan ƙaƙƙarfan juzu'i mai ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfi amma ba su da ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfi-RPM idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu na aluminum na zamani kamar na Edelbrock ko Speedmaster.

Aikace-aikace na duniya na ainihi

Aikace-aikace na duniya na ainihi suna tabbatar da sakamakon dyno ta hanyar nuna yadda waɗannan abubuwan sha ke gudana a ƙarƙashin yanayin tuki na yau da kullun ko lokuta na musamman kamar tsere ko ja da nauyi.

Edelbrock's Performer RPM jerin sun tabbatar da tasiri ga babban titin Ford FE V8s ta hanyar ba da ingantaccen haɓakawa akan zaɓuɓɓukan hannun jari dangane da ribar dawakai biyu a cikin mafi girman gudu (godiya saboda ƙirar jirgin sama guda ɗaya) tare da ingantaccen amsawar magudanar godiya saboda ƙarancin ginin sa wanda ya fi girma. yana rage yawan abin hawa gabaɗaya don haka inganta lokutan hanzari sosai ma!

Sabuwar samfurin na musamman na Speedmaster wanda aka saki yana ba da kulawa ta musamman ga masu sha'awar neman ƙara ƙarfin abin hawan su ta hanyar saitin shigar da tilas; Wannan rukunin na musamman yana siyarwa kusan $ 385 gami da jigilar kaya kyauta yana sanya shi samun damar ko da maginin kasafin kuɗi waɗanda ke son cimma matsakaicin ƙima-for-buck rabo mai yuwuwa ba tare da sadaukar da ƙwararrun sana'a ba ko dai tun da kowane fanni da aka ƙera sosai yana tabbatar da dacewa dacewa tsakanin kawukan kantuna iri ɗaya yana tabbatar da haɗin kai cikin ko'ina. Gabaɗayan tsarin da kansa a ƙarshe yana haifar da ingantaccen aiki gabaɗaya ba tare da la'akari da ko wane rana mayaƙan mayaƙan ya tashi ba!

Cikakken Bayani

Cikakken Bayani
Tushen Hoto:pexels

Edelbrock Performer RPM

Fasaloli da Ƙayyadaddun bayanai

TheEdelbrock Performer RPMyawan cin abinci ya nufi titin da ke da babban aikiFordFE V8. Wannan samfurin yana nuna ƙirar jirgin sama guda ɗaya, wanda ke inganta haɓakar iska a mafi girman saurin injin. Ginin yana amfani da aluminium mai nauyi, yana rage nauyin injin gabaɗaya da inganta ɓarkewar zafi. TheEdelbrockƙira ya haɗa da manyan, madaidaitan masu gudu waɗanda ke haɓaka haɓakar haɓakawa.

Binciken Ayyuka

Dyno gwaji naEdelbrock Performer RPMyana bayyana manyan nasarorin dawakai a mafi girman RPMs. Wannan nau'in nau'in abincin yana ba da kyakkyawar amsawar magudanar ruwa saboda ingantaccen rarrabawar iska. Aikace-aikace na ainihi na duniya sun nuna cewa wannan ƙirar tana haɓaka lokutan hanzari da aikin injin gabaɗaya a cikin yanayin yanayi mai sauri. Masu amfani suna ba da rahoton ingantaccen haɓakawa a cikin juzu'i da isar da wutar lantarki, yana mai da shi manufa don aikace-aikacen tsere.

Ribobi da Fursunoni

  • Ribobi:
  • Ƙunƙarar ginin aluminum
  • Mahimman nasarorin dawakai a manyan RPMs
  • Ingantacciyar amsawar magudanar ruwa
  • Fursunoni:
  • Ƙarfin tasiri a ƙananan ƙarfin juzu'i idan aka kwatanta da ƙirar jirgin sama biyu
  • Mafi girman farashi idan aka kwatanta da wasu samfuran

Binciken Cigaban Speedmaster Blower

Fasaloli da Ƙayyadaddun bayanai

TheSpeedmaster Blower Ci, sabon saki byMai sauri, yana kula da masu sha'awar neman gudu da busa 6-71 akan injunan FE su. Wannan ƙirar tana fasalta ƙaƙƙarfan ginin aluminium tare da kyakkyawar tashar tashar jiragen ruwa wacce ta dace da tashar jiragen ruwa na shugabannin FE. Duk da haka, yana buƙatar madaidaicin tsayi da gyare-gyare don tura ramuka don dacewa da dacewa.

Binciken Ayyuka

Gwajin Dyno ya nuna cewaSpeedmaster Blower Ciyana isar da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfi idan aka haɗa su tare da saitin shigar da tilas. Saitunan tashar jiragen ruwa na cikin gida suna inganta kwararar iska, yana haifar da ingantaccen ingancin girma. Aikace-aikace na duniyar gaske suna tabbatar da ingantattun ma'aunin aiki, musamman a cikin yanayin shigar da aka tilasta inda mafi girman fitarwar wutar lantarki ke da mahimmanci.

Ribobi da Fursunoni

  • Ribobi:
  • Kyakkyawan madaidaicin tashar jiragen ruwa don shugabannin FE
  • Mahimman nasarorin ƙarfi tare da saitin shigar da tilas
  • Ƙarfafa aikin aluminum
  • Fursunoni:
  • Yana buƙatar kusoshi mara inganci don shigarwa
  • Ana buƙatar gyare-gyare don ramukan turawa

Ford Cast Iron

Fasaloli da Ƙayyadaddun bayanai

Ma'aikataFord Cast Ironnau'ikan nau'ikan abinci suna mai da hankali kan karko da dogaro. Waɗannan samfuran suna amfani da kayan simintin ƙarfe, suna ba da ƙarfi amma suna ƙara nauyi mai mahimmanci ga taron injin. Zane-zane na farko kamar Ford Medium Riser yana da niyyar haɓaka ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarfi, yana sa su dace da aikace-aikacen ayyuka masu nauyi.

Binciken Ayyuka

Gwajin Dyno na masana'anta na simintin ƙarfe na ƙarfe yana nuna kyakkyawan ƙarfin juzu'i mai ƙarancin ƙarfi amma iyakance mai ƙarfi-RPM idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu na aluminum na zamani kamar na Edelbrock ko Speedmaster. Aikace-aikace na ainihi na duniya sun tabbatar da waɗannan binciken; masu amfani suna godiya da dorewa da daidaiton aiki a cikin saituna masu nauyi kamar ja ko ja.

"Ayyukan Ciwon Simintin Factory Iron 428CJ" ya nuna kwatancen da sauran abubuwan da aka ci na simintin ƙarfe waɗanda ke nuna25-35 HP fa'idaa kan farkon ƙananan saitunan hawan sama sama da 3000 RPM.

Ribobi da Fursunoni

  • Ribobi:
  • Babban karko saboda aikin simintin ƙarfe
  • Kyawawan ƙarfin juzu'i mai ƙarancin ƙarewa
  • Ya dace da aikace-aikace masu nauyi
  • Fursunoni:
  • Yana ƙara nauyi mai mahimmanci ga haɗawar injin
  • Ƙarfin babban-RPM mai iyaka idan aka kwatanta da abubuwan ci na aluminum na zamani

Wasu Fitattun Samfura

Edelbrock Streetmaster

TheEdelbrock StreetmasterYawan cin abinci ya fito waje a matsayin mashahurin zaɓi don injin 390 FE. Wannan samfurin yana nuna ƙirar jirgin sama guda ɗaya, wanda ke haɓaka iska a mafi girma RPMs. Ginin aluminium mai nauyi yana rage nauyin injin gabaɗaya kuma yana haɓaka ɓarkewar zafi. TheShugaban titiya haɗa da manyan, masu gudu madaidaiciya waɗanda ke haɓaka haɓakar ƙima.

Gwajin Dyno yana nuna gagarumin nasarorin dawakai tare daEdelbrock Streetmastera high RPM. Wannan nau'in nau'in abincin yana ba da kyakkyawar amsawar magudanar ruwa saboda ingantaccen rarrabawar iska. Aikace-aikace na ainihi na duniya suna nuna ingantattun lokutan hanzari da aikin injin gabaɗaya a cikin yanayi mai sauri. Masu amfani suna ba da rahoton ingantaccen haɓakawa a cikin juzu'i da isar da wutar lantarki, yana mai da shi manufa don aikace-aikacen tsere.

  • Ribobi:
  • Ƙunƙarar ginin aluminum
  • Mahimman nasarorin dawakai a manyan RPMs
  • Ingantacciyar amsawar magudanar ruwa
  • Fursunoni:
  • Ƙarfin tasiri a ƙananan ƙarfin juzu'i idan aka kwatanta da ƙirar jirgin sama biyu
  • Mafi girman farashi idan aka kwatanta da wasu samfuran

"Babban FE Intake Comparo" ya haskaka daban-daban jeri da aka gwada a cikin shekaru hudu, ciki har daEdelbrock Streetmaster. Wannan babban gwajin ya nuna cewa masana'anta simintin ƙarfe da yawa sun ba da kyakkyawan juzu'i mai ƙarancin ƙarewa amma ya faɗi cikin sauri cikin ƙarfi sama da 3000 RPM.

Victor FE Intake Manifold

TheVictor FE Intake Manifoldta Edelbrock ya yi niyya ga injunan Ford FE masu girman gaske daga 390 zuwa inci 428 cubic. Wannan samfurin yana fasalta ƙirar jirgin sama guda ɗaya wanda aka inganta don iyakar iska a mafi girman ingin. Ƙarfin aikin aluminum yana tabbatar da dorewa yayin da rage nauyin injin gabaɗaya.

Gwaje-gwajen Dyno sun nuna gagarumar nasarar karfin dawakai tare daVictor FE Intake Manifold, musamman a cikin yanayin babban-RPM. Saitunan tashar jiragen ruwa na cikin gida suna inganta kwararar iska, yana haifar da ingantaccen ingancin girma. Aikace-aikace na duniya na gaske suna tabbatar da ingantattun ma'aunin aiki, musamman a wuraren tsere inda mafi girman fitarwar wutar lantarki ke da mahimmanci.

  • Ribobi:
  • Kyakkyawan madaidaicin tashar jiragen ruwa don shugabannin FE
  • Mahimman nasarorin ƙarfi tare da saitin shigar da tilas
  • Ƙarfafa aikin aluminum
  • Fursunoni:
  • Yana buƙatar kusoshi mara inganci don shigarwa
  • Ana buƙatar gyare-gyare don ramukan turawa

"Ayyukan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Kayan Ƙasa na Ƙasa" ya ba da haske game da kwatanta da sauran abubuwan da aka ci na simintin ƙarfe wanda ke nuna fa'idar 25-35 HP akan ƙananan saitunan hawan sama sama da 3000 RPM.

DukansuEdelbrock Streetmasterda kumaVictor FE Intake Manifoldsuna ba da ingantacciyar haɓakawa akan zaɓuɓɓukan hannun jari dangane da samun ƙarfin dawakai a cikin mafi girman gudu tare da ingantaccen martanin magudanar godiya saboda girman gininsu wanda ke rage yawan abin hawa gabaɗaya don haka inganta lokutan hanzari sosai kuma!

Ƙarin Hankali

LABARI NA FASAHA da albarkatun

Nasihar Karatu

Ga masu sha'awar neman zurfafa fahimtar suAbubuwan da aka bayar na FE Ford, albarkatun da yawa suna ba da haske mai mahimmanci. TheBabban FE Intake Comparoya fito a matsayin cikakken nazari. Fiye da shekaru hudu, kusan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan arba'in daban-daban na kimantawa a cikin injuna shida, jere daga 350 zuwa 675 tiletower. Wannan faffadan gwajin ya haɗa da daidaitawar tashar jiragen ruwa da na'urorin da ke cikin ciki, wanda ya haifar da saitin saiti daban-daban sama da hamsin.

"Babban m comco" yana bayar da bayanai akan etrics na aiwatar da yawa iri-iri. Wannan hanya ba makawa ce ga masu neman yanke shawara game da gina injin su.

Wani muhimmin karantawa ya haɗa da labarai daga cikinGalaxie Club of America blog. Waɗannan labaran galibi suna ɗauke da ra'ayoyin ƙwararru da cikakkun bayanai game da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan abubuwan sha. TheKulobyana ba da dandamali don raba gogewa da ilimin fasaha a tsakanin membobi, yana mai da shi kyakkyawan hanya ga duka novice da ƙwararrun magina.

Ra'ayin Masana

Ra'ayoyin masana suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen jagorantar masu sha'awar zuwa mafi kyawun zaɓi don takamaiman bukatunsu. Shahararrun injiniyoyi na kera motoci da injiniyoyi akai-akai suna ba da gudummawa ga wallafe-wallafe kamar suFord Club na Amurkamujallar. Waɗannan ƙwararrun suna ba da haske game da sabbin ci gaba a cikin fasahar ci iri-iri da raba shawarwari masu amfani dangane da aikace-aikacen ainihin duniya.

"Haɓaka nau'in nau'in abun ciki na iya haɓaka rarrabawar iska zuwa kowane silinda," haɓaka haɓakar haɓakawa da haɓaka ƙarfin dawakai, juzu'i, da mayar da martani.

Masana sukan ba da shawarar samfuri irin suEdelbrock Performer RPMdon aikace-aikacen tituna masu inganci saboda ƙarancin ginin aluminum da ingantaccen ƙirar iska. Ga waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan saitin shigar da tilas, masana suna haskakaSpeedmaster Blower Cia matsayin kyakkyawan zaɓi saboda ƙaƙƙarfan gininsa da dacewa tare da tsarin busa.

LABARI DA DUMI-DUMINSU masu tasowa

Al'amuran Masana'antu

Ci gaba da sabuntawa tare da al'amuran masana'antu yana da mahimmanci ga masu sha'awar da ke son ci gaba da ci gaba da ci gaba a fasahar kera motoci. TheABUBUWA MAI ZUWAsashe akan dandalin motoci daban-daban ya lissafa nunin nunin nuni da yawa inda masana'antun ke baje kolin sabbin samfura, gami da nau'ikan abubuwan sha.

Ɗayan sanannen taron shine Nunin AAPEX na shekara-shekara da ake gudanarwa kowace shekaraAgusta. Wannan taron yana jan hankalin shugabannin masana'antu waɗanda ke gabatar da sabbin abubuwa a cikin abubuwan injin kamar nau'ikan abubuwan amfani. Masu halarta suna da damar yin hulɗa tare da ƙwararru, halartar taron bita, da kuma shaida nunin faifan kayan aiki kai tsaye.

TheGalaxie Club na AmurkaHakanan yana gudanar da al'amuran da yawa a cikin shekara inda membobin zasu iya nuna motocinsu sanye da kayan kayan kasuwa daban-daban kamar nau'ikan kayan abinci kamar su.Blue Thunderya da Edelbrock.

Kaddamar da samfur

Ƙaddamar da samfurin yana ba da dama mai ban sha'awa ga masu sha'awar samun hannayensu kan sababbin sababbin abubuwa a cikin kayan injin. Masu sana'a sukan yi amfani da al'amuran masana'antu ko ƙungiyoyin ƙaddamar da ƙaddamarwa don gabatar da sababbin samfura.

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kamfanoni kamar Edelbrock sun fito da manyan nau'ikan shahararrun samfuran irin suMai yin RPMjerin a lokacin waɗannan ƙaddamarwa. Waɗannan abubuwan sun ba da cikakkun bayanai game da fasali, ƙayyadaddun bayanai, farashi, kwanakin samuwa tare da rangwamen keɓaɓɓen da ake samu kawai yayin lokutan ƙaddamarwa wanda ke sa su kasance da tsammanin su sosai a tsakanin kulab ɗin mota ciki har da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyi kamar su.Kamfanin Ford Clubko ma faffadan al'ummomi a cikin da'irar motoci a duniya!

Wani ƙaddamar da abin lura shine cewa ta Speedmaster lokacin da suka gabatar da takamaiman samfurin su na busa wanda aka tsara musamman a kusa da haɓaka yuwuwar ta hanyar saitin shigar da tilas; Wannan rukunin na musamman yana siyarwa kusan $ 385 gami da jigilar kaya kyauta yana sanya shi samun damar ko da maginin kasafin kuɗi waɗanda ke son cimma matsakaicin ƙima-for-buck rabo mai yuwuwa ba tare da sadaukar da ƙwararrun sana'a ba ko dai tun da kowane fanni da aka ƙera sosai yana tabbatar da dacewa dacewa tsakanin kawukan kantuna iri ɗaya yana tabbatar da haɗin kai cikin ko'ina. Gabaɗayan tsarin da kansa a ƙarshe yana haifar da ingantaccen aiki gabaɗaya ba tare da la'akari da ko wane rana mayaƙan mayaƙan ya tashi ba!

"Haɓaka ayyuka irin waɗannan ba wai kawai haɓaka ƙarfin abin hawa gabaɗaya bane amma kuma suna ƙara ƙima musamman idan aka yi la'akari da kasuwar sake siyarwa inda ingantattun motocin da aka gyara suna samun farashi mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu na hannun jari."

Bita na FE Ford iri-iri na cin abinci ya ba da haske da maɓalli da yawa. TheEdelbrock Performer RPMya fito ne don ma'auni na ƙananan ƙarancin ƙarfin ƙarfi da ƙarfin dawakai, yana mai da shi babban zaɓi don aikin titi. TheSpeedmaster Blower Ciya yi fice a cikin saitin shigar da tilas, yana ba da babbar riba mai ƙarfi. Masana'antaFord Cast Ironmanifolds suna ba da dorewa da kyakkyawan juzu'i mai ƙarancin ƙarfi amma faɗuwa ga mafi girman RPMs.

 


Lokacin aikawa: Yuli-17-2024