Automotive mukati triminoita basa rakakosha mukusimudzira ruzivo rwekutyaira. Magadzirirwo emhando haangokwidziri aesthetics yemotokari asiwo anovandudza kunyaradza uye kushanda. Musika wepasi rose wemotokari yemukati yemukati trim inofungidzirwa kukura zvakanyanya, ichisvika pamutengo unofungidzirwa we$19.4 bhiriyonina 2032. Uku kukura kunosimbisa kuwedzera kuri kudiwa kwezvinhu zvemukati zvemhando yepamusoro izvo zvinopa zvese maitiro uye kusimba. Kuisa mari mumaprimium trims kunogona kushandura mukati memotokari, zvichiita kuti inakidze uye igadzikane kune vatyairi nevatyairi zvakafanana.
Kunzwisisa Automotive Interior Trim
Tsanangudzo uye Chinangwa
Kuvandudza Aesthetics
Yemotokari yemukati trim inosimudzira zvakanyanya kukwezva kwemukati wemotokari. Vagadziri vanoshandisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, mavara, uye maumbirwo kuti vagadzire chitarisiko chakabatana uye chinokwezva. Ma trim emhando yepamusoro anogona kushandura mota yakajairika kuita yeumbozha ruzivo. Sarudzo yemidziyo yekucheka, sematehwe, huni, kana simbi, inowedzera kubata kwekunaka uye kuoma.
Kuvandudza Nyaradzo
Comfort inobata basa rakakosha muchiitiko chekutyaira chakazara. Yemotokari yemukati trim inobatsira kune izvi nekupa yakapfava-inobata nzvimbo uye ergonomic dhizaini. Mapadded armrests, zvigaro zvecushioned, uye madhibhodhi akagadzirwa zvakanaka anosimudzira kunyaradza kwevatyairi nevatyairi. Zvinhu izvi zvinoderedza kuneta panguva yekutyaira kwakareba uye kugadzira nharaunda inofadza mukati memotokari.
Functional Aspects
Yemotokari yemukati trim zvakare inoshanda akati wandei anoshanda zvinangwa. Cheka zvidimbu zvinodzivirira mukati kubva pakusakara uye kubvaruka. Vanovhara mipendero yakapinza uye majoini, kuve nechokwadi chekuchengeteka. Pamusoro pezvo, zvigadziriso zvinowanzobatanidza zvigadziriso zvekuchengetera, senge zvibatiso zvemikombe nemakamuri, zvichisimudzira kushanda kwemukati memotokari.
Historical Evolution
Magadzirirwo Ekutanga
Iko kushanduka kwemotokari yemukati trim kwave kushamisa. Mumazuva ekutanga ekugadzira mota, zvemukati zvaive zvakakosha uye zvekushandisa. Zvinhu zvakaita sehuni nesimbi ndizvo zvaitonga pakugadzira. Nyaradzo uye aesthetics zvaive zvechipiri kufunga. Nekudaro, sekuda kwevatengi kwakashanduka, ndizvo zvakaitawo kutarisa kwemukati dhizaini.
Zvitsva zvemazuva ano
Yemazuva ano mota yemukati yemukati inoratidza kufambira mberi kwakakosha muhunyanzvi uye zvigadzirwa. Zvitsva zvinosanganisira kushandiswa kwematehwe emhando yepamusoro, matehwe emhando yepamusoro, uye mwenje we LED unogoneka. Zviitiko izvi zvakashandura mukati memotokari kuita nzvimbo dzepamusoro-soro, dzakagadzika, uye dzinoyevedza. Nguva kubva ku1960s kusvika kuma1980sakaona kuchinja kunoshamisa mukati memotokari yemotokari, kutamba basa guru mukubudirira kwemhando dzakawanda dzemotokari. Nhasi, mota yemukati yemukati inoramba ichishanduka, ichiratidza mafambiro ari kuitika uye zvinodiwa nevatengi.
Mhando dzeMotokari Interior Trim
Dashboard Trim
Zvinhu Zvakashandiswa
Dashboard trim inowanzo shandisa musanganiswa wezvinhu kuenzanisa chimiro, kushanda, uye mutengo. Zvinhu zvakajairika zvinosanganisiramapurasitiki, matehwe, uye simbi. Plastiki inopa kusimba uye kureruka kwekuumbwa mune akasiyana maumbirwo. Leather inowedzera kubata kweumbozha uye kunyaradza. Zvinhu zvesimbi zvinopa kutaridzika uye kwemazuva ano kutarisa. Chinhu chega chega chinopa kune iyo yakazara inoyevedza uye inoshanda kukwezva kwedashboard.
Design Variations
Dhizaini misiyano mune dashboard trim inogona kushandura zvakanyanya chimiro chemukati uye kunzwa. Mamwe magadzirirwo anoratidza zviyo zvehuni zvinopera zvemhando yepamusoro uye inoyevedza. Vamwe vanoshandisa kabhoni faibha kana brushed aluminium yemutambo uye yemazuva ano vibe. Customizable LED mwenje inogona zvakare kukwidziridza dashboard yekuona kukwezva. Idzi sarudzo dzekugadzira dzinobvumira varidzi vemotokari kuti vagadzirise zvemukati zvemotokari yavo zvinoenderana nezvavanofarira.
Door Panels
Common Materials
Masuo emasuo anoshandisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana kuti awedzere zvose aesthetics uye kushanda. Zvishandiso zvakajairika zvinosanganisira jira, dehwe, uye mapolymers. Mucheka unopa nyoro-kubata kunzwa uye inowanikwa mune akawanda mavara uye mapatani. Leather inopa kutaridzika kwepamusoro uye iri nyore kuchenesa. Mapolymers anopa kusimba uye kuramba kupfeka uye kubvarura. Imwe neimwe sarudzo yezvinhu inokanganisa iyo yakazara mukati medhizaini uye ruzivo rwemushandisi.
Customization Sarudzo
Customization sarudzo dzemasuo mapaneru dzakakura. Varidzi vemotokari vanogona kusarudza kubva kune akasiyana mavara, maumbirwo, uye mapatani kuti aenderane nemaitiro avo. Mamwe mapaneru anoratidza akasanganiswa ambient mwenje wekuwedzera ambiance. Tsika yekusona uye embroidery inogonawo kuwedzera yakasarudzika kubata. Idzi sarudzo dzinogonesa huwandu hwepamusoro hwemunhu, zvichiita kuti mukati memotokari ive yakasarudzika.
Seat Upholstery
Leather vs. Fabric
Seat upholstery zvinhu zvinonyanya zvinosanganisira dehwe uye machira. Zvigaro zvematehwe zvinopa manzwiro eumbozha uye zviri nyore kuchenesa. Vanopa kusimba kwakanyanya uye kuramba kune kurasika uye mavara. Zvigaro zvemucheka, kune rumwe rutivi, zvinopa mavara akasiyana-siyana uye mapatani. Vanopa nzvimbo yakapfava uye inofema, iyo inogona kunyatsogadzikana mumamiriro okunze anopisa. Chinyorwa chega chega chine mabhenefiti ayo, chinopa kune zvakasiyana zvaunofarira uye zvinodiwa.
Maintenance Tips
Kuchengetedza kwakakodzera kwechigaro upholstery kwakakosha pakurarama kwenguva refu. Kune zvigaro zvematehwe, kugadzirisa nguva dzose kunobatsira kuchengetedza kupfava uye kudzivirira kuputika. Shandisa jira rakanyorova kupukuta tsvina nekuteuka nekukasika. Pazvigaro zvemachira, vacuuming inobvisa huruva nemarara. Shandisa machira ekuchenesa pakurapa kwemavara. Dzivisa makemikari ane hasha anogona kukuvadza zvinhu. Kugara kugadziridzwa kunovimbisa kuti mota yemukati trim inoramba iri mune yakanakisa mamiriro.
Floor Mats uye Makapeti
Mhando dzeFloor Mats
Floor mats anoita basa rakakosha kuchengetedza kuchena uye kunaka kwemukati memotokari. Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzepasi mats dzinopa kune zvakasiyana zvinodiwa uye zvaunofarira.Rubber floor matskupa kusimba uye kuramba kumvura netsvina. Mameti aya akanakira matunhu ane mamiriro ekunze akaoma.Makapeti pasi mametiinopa kunhuhwirira kwakanaka uye kuwedzera kunaka kwemukati. Aya mameti anouya neakasiyana mavara uye mapatani, achibvumira kugadzirisa kuti ienderane nekugadzirwa kwemotokari.Mamiti epasi pemamiriro ekunzesanganisa zvakanakira rabha uye kapeti mats. Aya mateti anopa kusimba apo achipa chitarisiko chakanatswa.Tsika-inokwana pasi mametichengetedza kukwana kwakakwana kune chaiwo mhando dzemotokari. Aya mameti anovhara masendimita ese epasi, achipa kudzivirira kwakanyanya.
Kuchenesa uye Kuchengetedza
Kucheneswa kwakaringana nekugadzirisa matinji epasi kunowedzera hupenyu hwavo uye kuchengetedza mukati memotokari kutaridzika kutsva. Forrubber floor mats, shandisa hose kusukurudza tsvina nemarara. Isa mushonga wesipo wakapfava wokwesha nebhurasho kuti ubvise mavara akasindimara. Shamba zvakanaka uye rega mateti aome. Forkapeti pasi mats, tsvaira nguva dzose kubvisa guruva netsvina. Shandisa carpet cleaner kurapa mavara uye kupera. Bvisa nzvimbo yacho nejira rakachena uye usanyura meti. Bvumira mameti kuti aome zvachose asati aadzosera mumotokari.Mamiti epasi pemamiriro ekunzezvinoda nzira dzakafanana dzekuchenesa semateti erabha. Mameti anoenderana netsika angangoda mirairo yekuchenesa yakanangana neyakashandiswa. Kugara kugadziridzwa kunovimbisa kuti pasi mats anoramba ari muchimiro chakanakisa, zvichibatsira kune yakachena uye inokwezva mukati memotokari.
Zvishandiso Zvinoshandiswa MuMotokari Interior Trim
Leather
Mhando dzeDehwe
Yemotokari yemukati trim inowanzoisa mhando dzakasiyana dzematehwe.Dehwe rakazara zviyoinopa mhando yepamusoro uye kusimba. Iri dehwe rinochengeta zviyo zvechisikigo, zvichipa kunzwa kweumbozha.Pamusoro-zviyo dehweinopinda jecha kuti ibvise kusakwana, zvichiita kuti pave nechiso chakatsetseka.Yakagadziriswa-zviyo dehweinogamuchira kurapwa kuvanza zvikanganiso uye kazhinji inosanganisira yakagadzirwa zviyo pateni.Kupatsanura dehweinobva kuzasi kwedehwe uye haina kusimba asi inokwanisika.
Zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira
Leather inopa akati wandei mabhenefiti emotokari yemukati trim. Inopa kutaridzika kwakanaka uye kunzwa. Dehwe rakasimba zvakare uye rinoshingirira kusakara nekubvaruka. Zvisinei, dehwe rinogona kudhura uye rinoda kugadziriswa nguva dzose. Kuratidzwa kwezuva rakananga kunogona kukonzera kupera uye kuputika. Kutarisira kwakakodzera kunovimbisa kuti dehwe rinoramba riri muchimiro chakanakisa.
Fabric
Micheka Yakajairika Yakashandiswa
Zvigadzirwa zvemucheka mumotokari yemukati trim zvinosanganisirapolyester, naironi,uyevinyl. Polyester inopa kusimba uye kuramba kune mavara. Nylon inopa hunyoro hunyoro uye simba rakakwirira. Vinyl inotevedzera kutaridzika kweganda pamutengo wakaderera. Mhando yega yega yejira inopa yakasarudzika mabhenefiti uye inobata kune akasiyana zvaunofarira.
Durability uye Maintenance
Zvigadzirwa zvemucheka zvinoda kunyatsotarisirwa kuchengetedza chitarisiko chavo. Kugara uchitsvaira kunobvisa huruva nemarara. Kucheneswa kwenzvimbo netsvina yakapfava inogadzirisa mavara. Dzivisa makemikari ane utsinye anogona kukuvadza jira. Kugadzirisa kwakaringana kunowedzera hupenyu hwemachira emota yemukati trim.
Wood uye Faux Wood
Real Wood vs. Faux Wood
Huni uye faux huni inopa dzakasiyana sarudzo dzemotokari dzemukati dhirimu.Huni chaidzoinopa maitiro echisikigo uye anoyevedza. Inowedzera kubata kweumbozha uye kuomarara.Faux woodinotevedzera chitarisiko chehuni chaihwo asi inoshandisa zvinhu zvekugadzira. Faux huni inopa kusimba kwakanyanya uye kuramba kune zvakatipoteredza zvinhu.
Aesthetic Appeal
Zvese zviri zviviri huni chaihwo uye faux huni zvinosimudzira kukwezva kwemukati memotokari. Huni chaihwo hunopa chimiro chezviyo chakasiyana uye chimiro chakapfuma. Faux huni inopa chitarisiko chakafanana uye inogona kudzokorora marudzi akasiyana ehuni. Iri mbiri sarudzo dzinobatsira kune yakanatswa uye yakashongedzwa yemotokari yemukati trim.
Plastiki uye Composites
Mhando dzePlastiki
Yemotokari yemukati trim inowanzobatanidzamarudzi akasiyana-siyana epurasitikinokuda kwavokushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana uye kudhura-kubudirira. Polypropylene (PP)isarudzo yakajairika. Ichi chinyorwa chinopa kupikisa kwakanyanya kumakemikari uye unyoro.Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)inopa yakakwirira simba rekudzivirira uye kuoma.Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)imwe sarudzo yakakurumbira. Iyi plastiki inopa kushanduka uye kusimba.Polycarbonate (PC)inoshandiswa pakusimba kwayo uye kubuda pachena. Imwe neimwe mhando yepurasitiki inopa yakasarudzika zvivakwa kune mota yemukati trim.
Zvakanakira uye Zvakaipa
Plastiki inopa akati wandei mabhenefiti emotokari yemukati trim. Zvinhu izvi zvakareruka, zvichideredza huremu hwese hwemotokari. Plastics zvakare inopa yakanakisa kuumbwa, ichibvumira kune yakaoma kunzwisisa magadzirirwo uye maumbirwo. Iko mari-inoshanda yemapurasitiki inoita kuti ive sarudzo inokwezva kune vanogadzira. Pamusoro pezvo, mapurasitiki anopa kuramba kupfeka uye kubvarura, kuve nechokwadi chekugara kwenguva refu.
Zvisinei, mapurasitiki ane zvimwe zvisingabatsiri. Kuratidzira kune tembiricha yepamusoro kunogona kukonzera deformation. Mamwe mapurasitiki anogona kuburitsa volatile organic compounds (VOCs), zvichikanganisa kunaka kwemweya mukati memotokari. Kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kwekugadzirwa kwepurasitiki uye kuraswa kunomutsa kunetseka. Pasinei nezvipingamupinyi izvi, mabhenefiti emapurasitiki anovaita sarudzo yakapararira mumotokari yemukati yemukati.
Product Information:
- FitMyCar Custom-Fit Floor Matsshandisa zvemhando yepamusoro rabha nemakapeti sarudzo. Meti aya anodzivirira kubva kutsvina, mvura, uye kurasika. FitMyCar inopa mitengo yemakwikwi, inosvika 75% isingadhuri pane seti yemutengesi wemotokari.
- ACC Brand Floor Matswedzera kutaridzika kwemukati uchidzivirira kapeti kubva kune tsoka traffic. ACC inopa mavara akasiyana-siyana uye sarudzo, kusanganisira carpet cargo mats.
Maintenance and Care Tips
Nguva Dzose Kuchenesa
Yakakurudzirwa Zvigadzirwa
Kuchengetedza kuchena kwemotokari yemukati trim kunoda kushandiswa kwemhando yepamusoro zvigadzirwa.Chemical Guys Total Interior Cleanerinopa mhinduro inoshanda kune akasiyana siyana, kusanganisira dehwe, machira, uye epurasitiki.303 Muchenesi Wemukatiinopa kupera kusina mafuta uye kubvisa tsvina kunobudirira.Meguiar's Quik Interior Detailerinova nechokwadi chekutarisa kwakachena uye kwakakwenenzverwa pasina kusiya zvakasara. Izvi zvigadzirwa zvinobatsira kuchengetedza kutaridzika uye hupenyu hurefu hwemukati trim zvinhu.
Nhanho-ne-Nhanho Yekuchenesa Gaidhi
- Vacuum Interior: Tanga nekutsvaira nzvimbo dzese kuti ubvise tsvina yakasununguka nemarara.
- Shandisa Cleaner:Pfapfaidza yekuchenesa yakasarudzwa pamucheka wemicrofiber. Dzivisa kupfapfaidza zvakananga panzvimbo kudzivirira kuwandisa.
- Pukuta Pasi Pasi: Pukuta zvinyoronyoro pasi pese mukati, kusanganisira dashboard, mapaneru emasuo, uye zvigaro. Shandisa zvitenderedzwa zvedenderedzwa kuitira kunyange kuvhara.
- Clean Crevices: Shandisa bhurasho rakapfava kuchenesa nzvimbo dzakaoma-kusvika-nemitswe.
- Dry Surfaces: Shandisa jira rakaoma re microfiber kubvisa chero yakawandisa yekuchenesa uye hunyoro.
- Condition Leather: Panzvimbo dzematehwe, shandisa dehwe rekugadzirisa kuti uchengetedze kupfava uye kudzivirira kutsemuka.
Kudzivirira Pakupfeka uye Kubvaruka
Kushandiswa Kwemavharo Anodzivirira
Dziviriro mavhavha anoita basa rakakosha mukuchengetedza mamiriro emotokari yemukati trim.Zvigaro zvinovharachengetedza upholstery kubva pakuparara, mavara, uye kupfeka.Dashboard inovharadzivirira kubva ku UV mwaranzi, kudzivirira kupera uye kuputika.Floor matschengetedza makapeti kubva kune tsvina uye unyoro. Kuisa mari mumavhavha ekudzivirira emhando yepamusoro kunowedzera hupenyu hwezvinhu zvemukati.
Kudzivisa Direct Sunlight
Chiedza chezuva chakananga chinogona kukonzeresa kukuvadza kwakakura kumotokari yemukati yemukati. Mwaranzi yeUV inokonzeresa kupera, kuputika, uye kushanduka kwemavara. Paka motokari munzvimbo dzine mimvuri kana shandisa chivharo chemotokari kuderedza kusvibiswa kwezuva.Window tintsinopawo dziviriro nekuvhara mwenje inokuvadza yeUV. Kugara uchiisa UV inodzivirira yakapfapfaidza kumusoro kunowedzera imwe yekudzivirira.
Kutarisana neSins uye Spills
Zviito Zvekare
Kukurumidza kuita kwakakosha pakubata nematanho nekuteuka. Bvisa nzvimbo yakakanganiswa nejira rakachena kuti utore mvura yakawanda sezvinobvira. Dzivisa kukwesha, sezvo izvi zvinogona kuparadzira gwapa. Shandisa munyoro detergent solution kurapa tsvina. Isa mhinduro kune jira uye zvinyoronyoro shandisa tsvina. Sukurudza nejira nyoro uye woomesa.
Deep Cleaning Nzira
Kune mavara akasindimara, nzira dzekuchenesa dzakadzika dzinogona kudikanwa.Steam kuchenesainopa mhinduro inoshanda yejira uye nekapeti nzvimbo. Iyo mhepo inopinda mukati-kati mukati me fiber, inosunungura tsvina uye mavara.Dehwe rekuchenesakupa kurapa kwakasarudzika kwenzvimbo dzematehwe. Isa muchenesi nejira rakapfava uye tevera neconditioner.Enzyme-based cleanersshanda zvakanaka kune organic stains, kuputsa mapuroteni uye kubvisa kunhuhwirira. Kugara kucheneswa kwakadzika kunovimbisa kuti mota yemukati trim inoramba iri mu pristine mamiriro.
Rother, nyanzvi yezvigadzirwa zvemukati zvemotokari, inosimbisa kukosha kwekushandisa zvinhu zvakagadzikana uye zvakasimba. Anoti, "Zvinhu zvemukati zvakagadzikana zvemukati zvakare zvinotaridzika, zvinogara, zviri nyore kuchengetedza uye zvakachena zvichawana kutariswa kwakawanda kubva kune vashandisi vemotokari." Izvi zvinoratidzira kukura kuri kudiwa kwezvinhu zvinopa zvese zvinoyevedza kukwezva uye hunhu hunogara kwenguva refu.
Zvimwe Zvishandiso uye Mazano
Product Recommendations
Best Cleaning Products
Kuchengetedza kuchena kwemotokari yemukati trim kunoda zvemhando yepamusoro zvekuchenesa zvigadzirwa.Chemical Guys Total Interior Cleanerinopa mhinduro inoshanda kune akasiyana siyana, kusanganisira dehwe, machira, uye epurasitiki. Iyi yekuchenesa inopa inobudirira kubvisa tsvina pasina kusiya zvakasara.303 Muchenesi Wemukatiinopa kupera kusina mafuta uye inoshanda nemazvo pazvinhu zvakawanda.Meguiar's Quik Interior Detailerinochengetedza kutaridzika kwakakwenenzverwa uye inodzivirira kubva kukukuvara kweUV. Izvi zvigadzirwa zvinobatsira kuchengetedza kutaridzika uye hupenyu hurefu hwemukati trim zvinhu.
Zvishandiso zvekudzivirira
Dziviriro yemidziyo inoita basa rakakosha mukuchengetedza mamiriro emota yemukati yemukati.Zvigaro zvinovharachengetedza upholstery kubva pakuparara, mavara, uye kupfeka. Mavhavha ezvigaro zvemhando yepamusoro anowedzera hupenyu hwezvigaro uye anowedzera kunyaradza.Dashboard inovharadzivirira kubva ku UV mwaranzi, kudzivirira kupera uye kuputika. Aya mavhavha anochengetedza kutaridzika uye kushanda kwedashboard.Floor matschengetedza makapeti kubva kune tsvina uye unyoro. Tsika-inokwana pasi mameti anopa yakanyanya dziviriro uye yakanyatsokwana yemhando dzemotokari. Kuisa mari mune izvi zvidziviriro zvekudzivirira kunoita kuti mukati urambe uri muchimiro chakanakisa.
Zvinoenderana Zvinyorwa uye Mazano
Manongedzo eKuwedzera Kuverenga
Kune avo vanofarira kudzidza zvakawanda nezve mota yemukati trim, akati wandei zviwanikwa zvinopa yakakosha ruzivo. Chinyorwa"Evolution yeMota Interiors: Kubva paBasic kusvika kune Yakasarudzika"inoongorora shanduko dzenhoroondo mukugadzirwa kwemukati wemotokari."Kusarudza Zvishandiso Zvakakodzera Zvemukati Wemota Yako"inopa nhungamiro pakusarudza zvinhu zvakanakisa zveaesthetics uye kusimba."Mazano Ekuchengetedza Kwemukati Wemota Yenguva refu"inopa mazano anoshanda ekuchengetedza mukati mepamusoro chimiro. Izvi zvinyorwa zvinopa ruzivo rwakadzama uye mazano ehunyanzvi kune vanofarira mota.
Nyanzvi Mazano uye Mazano
Nyanzvi mune zvemukati zvemotokari zvemukati zvinhu zvinosimbisa kukosha kwekushandisa yakagadzikana uye yakasimba sarudzo. Rother, mazvikokota weindasitiri, anoti, “Zvinhu zvemukati zvemukati zvinotaridzika zvakanaka, zvinogara kwenguva refu, zviri nyore kuchengeta uye zvakachena zvichanyanya kutariswa nevanoshandisa motokari.” Izvi zvinoratidzira kukura kuri kudiwa kwezvinhu zvinopa zvese zvinoyevedza kukwezva uye hunhu hunogara kwenguva refu. Nyanzvi dzinokurudzira kugadzirisa nguva dzose uye kushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoro kuti ive nechokwadi chehupenyu hurefu hwemotokari yemukati yekushongedza.
Mota yemukati yemukati trim inoita basa rakakosha mukusimudzira aesthetics, kunyaradza, uye kushanda kwemotokari. Yepamusoro-mhando trims inoshandura iyo yekutyaira ruzivo nekupa yakasarudzika uye yakasimba yemukati. Varidzi vemota vanofanirwa kushandisa matipi uye kurudziro yakapihwa kuchengetedza yavo yemukati yemotokari trim. Kugara kucheneswa uye kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvinodzivirira kunovimbisa hupenyu hurefu. Ongorora zvimwe zviwanikwa uye ugare wakagadziridzwa pane azvino maitiro uye hunyanzvi mune yemotokari yemukati trim. Hutsanana hunoramba huri hwepamusoro pevashandisi vemotokari muUSA neGermany, zvichiratidza kukosha kwekuchengetedza zviri mukati.
Nguva yekutumira: Jul-24-2024