Mefuta e mengata ea ho kenngoa ha enjinebapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho ntlafatseng ts'ebetso ea enjine. Likarolo tsena li netefatsa phepelo e nepahetseng ea moea le mafura ho silindara e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, e matlafatsa matla a lipere, torque le karabelo ea throttle. TheFE Ford e kenya mefuta e mengataho ba le nalane ea nalane ka har'a sechaba sa likoloi. Li tsejoa ka boqapi ba tsona bo matla le bokhoni ba ts'ebetso, mefuta ena e mengata e bohlokoa katlehong ea lienjineri tsa FE Ford. Blog ena e ikemiselitse ho fana ka tlhahlobo e tebileng ea mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea FE Ford, e totobatsang likarolo tsa eona, metrics ea ts'ebetso, le ho nepahala ha lits'ebetso tse fapaneng.
Kakaretso ea FE Ford Intake Manifolds
Histori le Evolution
Meetso ea Pele
Meetso ea pele eaFE Ford e kenya mefuta e mengatatheha motheo oa botumo ba bona indastering ea likoloi. Qalong, mefuta ena e mengata e ne e shebane le ho tšoarella le ho tšepahala. Lintho tse entsoeng ka tšepe tse sebelisoang mefuteng ea pele li ne li fana ka matla empa li ile tsa eketsa boima ba enjene. Meralo ena ea pele e ne e reretsoe ho ntlafatsa torque e tlase, ho e etsa hore e tšoanelehe bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse boima.
“TheE kholo ea FE Intake Comparo” e totobalitse litlhophiso tse fapaneng tse lekiloeng ka lilemo tse nne, ho kenyeletsoa Blue Thunder le Dove. Teko ena e pharaletseng e ile ea senola seofektheri e entsoeng ka tšepe ea 4V e mengatae ile ea fana ka torque e tlase haholo empa e ile ea theoha ka potlako ka matla a fetang 3000 RPM.
Lintlafatso tsa Kajeno
Lintlafatso tsa morao-rao li fetohileFE Ford e kenya mefuta e mengatalikarolong tse sebetsang hantle haholo. Baetsi ba kang Edelbrock ba hlahisitse mefuta ea aluminium, ba fokotsa boima ba 'mele haholo ha ba ntse ba ntlafatsa ts'ebetso. Lisebelisoa tsa aluminium tse kang Performer le Streetmaster li khothaletsoa ho latela litlhoko tse khethehileng tsa matla.
Litokollo tsa morao-rao tse kangHo kenngoa ha Speedmaster bakeng sa lienjineri tsa FEho matha 6-71Sefohlabonts'a tsoelo-pele moahong le ho keneng. Keketso ena e ncha e fana ka papali e ntle ea boema-kepe ho likou tsa likhutlo li 'nè tsa lihlooho tsa FE, leha e hloka liboutu tsa bolelele bo sa tloaelehang le liphetoho tse ling ho likoti tsa pushrod.
Mefuta e mengata ea ho noa
Sefofane se le seng vs Lifofane tse peli
Mefuta e mengata ea lifofane e le 'ngoe le lifofane tse peli li fana ka litlhoko tse fapaneng tsa ts'ebetso. Mefuta e mengata ea sefofane se le seng e fana ka phallo ea moea e betere ka lebelo le holimo la enjene, e matlafatsa matla a lipere. Tsena li loketse lits'ebetso tsa mabelo moo ts'ebetso e phahameng ea RPM e leng bohlokoa.
Mefuta e mengata ea lifofane tse peli e ntlafatsa torque ea boemo bo tlase ka ho ntlafatsa phepelo ea moea ho li-cylinders tsohle ho li-RPM tse tlase. Tsena li nepahetse bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea seterateng, li fana ka karabelo e ntlafalitsoeng ea throttle le ho khanna.
"Ho ntlafatsa mefuta e mengata ea lijo ho ka ntlafatsa phepelo ea moea ho silindara e 'ngoe le e' ngoe," ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea volumetric le ho eketsa matla a lipere, torque le karabelo ea throttle.
Phapang ea lintho tse bonahalang: Aluminium vs Ford Cast Iron
Khetho ea thepa e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ts'ebetsong eaFE Ford e kenya mefuta e mengata. Cast iron e lula e le khetho e tšoarellang empa e eketsa boima bo bongata kopanong ea enjene. Boitsebiso bona bo ipabola lits'ebetsong tse hlokang kaho e matla ntle le ho ameha ka ho boloka boima ba 'mele.
Aluminium e fetohile thepa e ratoang ka lebaka la tlhaho ea eona e bobebe le lisebelisoa tse phahameng tsa ho senya mocheso. Ho kenngoa ha aluminium ka bongata enjeneng ea FE ho nkuoa e le tlatsetso ea bohlokoa, haholo ha e sebelisoa. Mehlala e kang eaEdelbrock Performer RPMfana ka lintlafatso tse kholo ho torque le ts'ebetso ea enjene ka kakaretso.
Metrics ea Ts'ebetso
Liphetho tsa liteko tsa Dyno
Teko ea Dyno e fana ka lintlha tse ngata mabapi le hore na li fapane hakaeFE Ford e kenya mefuta e mengataetsa tlasa maemo a laolwang. "Great FE Intake Comparo" e ne e kenyelletsa mefuta e ka bang mashome a mane e fapaneng e lekiloeng lienjineng tse tšeletseng ho tloha ho 350 ho isa ho 675 horsepower.
Mefuta e mengata ea tšepe ea 4V ea fektheri e bonts'itse torque e tlase haholo empa e ne e se na matla a phahameng a RPM ha a bapisoa le balekane ba sejoale-joale ba aluminium joalo ka ba Edelbrock kapa Speedmaster.
Lisebelisoa tsa 'nete tsa lefats'e
Lisebelisoa tsa 'nete tsa lefats'e li netefatsa liphetho tsa dyno ka ho bonts'a hore na lijo tsena li sebetsa joang tlas'a maemo a letsatsi le letsatsi a ho khanna kapa maemong a khethehileng a ts'ebeliso joalo ka mabelo kapa ho hula meroalo e boima.
Letoto la Edelbrock's Performer RPM le ipakile le sebetsa hantle bakeng sa Ford FE V8s ea seterata e sebetsang hantle ka ho fana ka lintlafatso tse kholo mabapi le likhetho tsa setoko mabapi le phaello ea matla a lipere ka lebelo le phahameng (ke leboha haholo ka lebaka la moralo oa sefofane se le seng) hammoho le karabelo e ntlafalitsoeng ea throttle ka lebaka la kaho ea eona e bobebe. e fokotsa boima ba koloi ka kakaretso ka hona e ntlafatsa linako tsa ho potlakisa haholo!
Moetso o sa tsoa lokolloa oa "blower" oa Speedmaster o thusa batho ba chesehelang ho holisa bokhoni ba koloi ea bona ka li-setups tse qobelloang; yuniti ena e reka hoo e ka bang $385 ho kenyelletsa le ho tsamaisa thepa ea mahala ho e etsa hore e fihlellehe esita le lihahi tse hlokomelang lichelete tse batlang ho fihlela tekanyo e phahameng ea bang-for-buck e ka khonehang ntle le ho tela bokhabane ba boleng hobane karolo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e entsoe ka mahlale e netefatsa tšebelisano e ntle lipakeng tsa li-blocks ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ho netefatsa khokahano e se nang moeli hohle. Sistimi eohle ka boeona e qetella e entse hore ts'ebetso e be bonolo ka kakaretso ho sa tsotelehe hore na e tsamaisoa letsatsi le letsatsi ka matsatsi a pina a bahlabani ka ho tšoana!
Maikutlo a qaqileng
Edelbrock Performer RPM
Likarolo le Lintlha
TheEdelbrock Performer RPMho kenya lipehelo tse ngata seterateng se sebetsang hantleFordEnjine ea FE V8. Moetso ona o na le moralo oa sefofane se le seng, se ntlafatsang phallo ea moea ka lebelo le holimo la enjene. Mohaho o sebelisa aluminium e bobebe, e fokotsa boima ba enjene ka kakaretso le ho ntlafatsa phallo ea mocheso. TheEdelbrockmoralo o kenyelletsa limathi tse kholo, tse otlolohileng tse ntlafatsang katleho ea volumetric.
Tlhahlobo ea Ts'ebetso
Tlhahlobo ea Dyno eaEdelbrock Performer RPMe senola phaello e kholo ea matla a lipere ho li-RPM tse phahameng. Mokhoa ona o mongata o fana ka karabelo e ntle ea throttle ka lebaka la phepelo e ntle ea moea. Lisebelisoa tsa 'nete tsa lefats'e li bonts'a hore mofuta ona o ntlafatsa linako tsa ho potlakisa le ts'ebetso ea enjene ka kakaretso maemong a lebelo le holimo. Basebelisi ba tlaleha lintlafatso tse hlokomelehang ho torque le phano ea motlakase, e leng se etsang hore e be se loketseng lits'ebetso tsa mabelo.
Melemo le Melemo
- Melemo:
- Kaho ea aluminium e bobebe
- Melemo e kholo ea matla a lipere ho li-RPM tse phahameng
- Karabelo e ntlafalitsoeng ea throttle
- Mathata:
- Ha e sebetse hantle ho torque e tlase ha e bapisoa le meralo ea lifofane tse peli
- Theko e phahameng ha e bapisoa le mefuta e meng
Tlhahlobo ea Speedmaster Blower Intake
Likarolo le Lintlha
TheHo Kena ha Speedmaster Blower, e sa tsoa lokolloa keSpeedmaster, e thusa batho ba chesehelang ho batla ho tsamaisa 6-71 blower ho lienjineri tsa bona tsa FE. Moetso ona o na le moaho o matla oa aluminium o nang le boema-kepe bo botle bo lekanang le likou tse khutlonnetsetsa tsa lihlooho tsa FE. Leha ho le joalo, e hloka liboutu tsa bolelele bo sa tloaelehang le liphetoho ho likoti tsa pushrod bakeng sa ho lekana hantle.
Tlhahlobo ea Ts'ebetso
Litlhahlobo tsa Dyno li bontša horeHo Kena ha Speedmaster Blowere fana ka keketseho e kholo ea matla ha e kopantsoe le li-setups tsa induction tse qobelloang. Litlhophiso tse kentsoeng ka hare li ntlafatsa phallo ea moea, e leng se etsang hore ho be le ts'ebetso e ntlafetseng ea volumetric. Lisebelisoa tsa 'nete tsa lefats'e li netefatsa litekanyetso tse ntlafetseng tsa ts'ebetso, haholo-holo maemong a qobelloang a ho kenya matla moo matla a mangata a leng bohlokoa.
Melemo le Melemo
- Melemo:
- Khokahano e ntle ea boema-kepe bakeng sa lihlooho tsa FE
- Phaello e kholo ea matla ka litlhophiso tse qobelloang tsa induction
- Kaho ea aluminium e tšoarellang
- Mathata:
- E hloka liboutu tsa bolelele bo sa tloaelehang bakeng sa ho kenya
- Liphetoho tse hlokahalang bakeng sa masoba a pushrod
Ford Cast Iron
Likarolo le Lintlha
FektheriFord Cast Ironmefuteng e mengata ea ho noa e shebana le ho tšoarella le ho ts'epahala. Mefuta ena e sebelisa thepa ea tšepe e entsoeng ka tšepe, e fanang ka matla empa e eketsa boima ba 'mele ho kopano ea enjene. Meetso ea khale joalo ka Ford Medium Riser e ne e ikemiselitse ho ntlafatsa torque e tlase, e etsa hore e tšoanelehe bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse boima.
Tlhahlobo ea Ts'ebetso
Teko ea Dyno ea ho kenngoa ha tšepe ea fektheri e bonts'a bokhoni bo botle ba torque e tlase empa matla a fokolang a RPM ha a bapisoa le li-aluminium tsa sejoale-joale tse kang tsa Edelbrock kapa Speedmaster. Lisebelisoa tsa 'nete tsa lefats'e li tiisa liphuputso tsena; basebelisi ba thabela ho tšoarella le ts'ebetso e tsitsitseng maemong a boima joalo ka ho hula kapa ho hula.
"Performance of Factory Cast Iron 428CJ Intake" e totobalitse papiso le tse ling tsa tšepe tse entsoeng ka tšepe tse bontšang25-35 HP molemoka litlhophiso tsa pele tsa risepe e tlase ho feta 3000 RPM.
Melemo le Melemo
- Melemo:
- Ho tšoarella ho phahameng ka lebaka la kaho ea tšepe e entsoeng ka tšepe
- Bokhoni bo botle ba torque e tlase
- E loketse lits'ebetso tse boima
- Mathata:
- E eketsa boima bo boholo ho kopano ea enjene
- Matla a fokolang a RPM a phahameng ha a bapisoa le lisebelisoa tsa morao-rao tsa aluminium
Mehlala e Meng e Tsebahalang
Edelbrock Streetmaster
TheEdelbrock Streetmastermefuta e mengata ea ho ja e hlahella e le khetho e tsebahalang bakeng sa enjene ea 390 FE. Moetso ona o na le moralo oa sefofane se le seng, se ntlafatsang phallo ea moea ho li-RPM tse holimo. Mohaho o bobebe oa aluminium o fokotsa boima ba enjene ka kakaretso mme o ntlafatsa ho felloa ke mocheso. TheStreetmastere kenyelletsa limathi tse kholo, tse otlolohileng tse ntlafatsang katleho ea volumetric.
Teko ea Dyno e senola phaello e kholo ea matla a lipere kaEdelbrock Streetmasterka li-RPM tse phahameng. Mefuta ena e mengata ea ho noa e fana ka karabelo e ntle ea throttle ka lebaka la phepelo ea eona e ntle ea moea. Lisebelisoa tsa 'nete tsa lefats'e li bonts'a linako tsa ho potlakisa le ho sebetsa ha enjine ka kakaretso maemong a lebelo le holimo. Basebelisi ba tlaleha lintlafatso tse hlokomelehang ho torque le phano ea motlakase, e leng se etsang hore e be se loketseng lits'ebetso tsa mabelo.
- Melemo:
- Kaho ea aluminium e bobebe
- Melemo e kholo ea matla a lipere ho li-RPM tse phahameng
- Karabelo e ntlafalitsoeng ea throttle
- Mathata:
- Ha e sebetse hantle ho torque e tlase ha e bapisoa le meralo ea lifofane tse peli
- Theko e phahameng ha e bapisoa le mefuta e meng
"The Great FE Intake Comparo" e totobalitse litlhophiso tse fapaneng tse lekiloeng ka lilemo tse 'ne, ho kenyeletsoa leEdelbrock Streetmaster. Teko ena e pharalletseng e senoletse hore mefuta e mengata ea tšepe ea feme e fane ka torque e tlase haholo empa e ile ea theoha ka potlako ka matla a fetang 3000 RPM.
Victor FE Intake Manifold
TheVictor FE Intake Manifoldka Edelbrock e shebile lienjineri tsa Ford FE tse sebetsang hantle ho tloha ho 390 ho isa ho 428 cubic inches. Moetso ona o na le moralo oa sefofane se le seng se ntlafalitsoeng bakeng sa phallo e phahameng ea moea ka lebelo le holimo la enjene. Mohaho o matla oa aluminium o tiisa ho tšoarella ha o ntse o fokotsa boima ba enjene ka kakaretso.
Liteko tsa Dyno li bonts'a phaello e kholo ea matla a lipere kaVictor FE Intake Manifold, haholo-holo maemong a phahameng a RPM. Litlhophiso tse kentsoeng ka hare li ntlafatsa phallo ea moea, e leng se etsang hore ho be le ts'ebetso e ntlafetseng ea volumetric. Lisebelisoa tsa 'nete tsa lefats'e li netefatsa litekanyetso tse ntlafalitsoeng tsa ts'ebetso, haholo libakeng tsa mabelo moo matla a mangata a leng bohlokoa.
- Melemo:
- Khokahano e ntle ea boema-kepe bakeng sa lihlooho tsa FE
- Phaello e kholo ea matla ka litlhophiso tse qobelloang tsa induction
- Kaho ea aluminium e tšoarellang
- Mathata:
- E hloka liboutu tsa bolelele bo sa tloaelehang bakeng sa ho kenya
- Liphetoho tse hlokahalang bakeng sa masoba a pushrod
"Ts'ebetso ea Factory Cast Iron Cobra Jet Intake" e totobalitse papiso le lisebelisoa tse ling tsa tšepe tse entsoeng ka tšepe tse bontšang molemo oa 25-35 HP ho feta litlhophiso tsa pele tse phahamang ka holimo ho 3000 RPM.
Ka bobeliEdelbrock Streetmasterle eaVictor FE Intake Manifoldfana ka lintlafatso tse kholo mabapi le khetho ea setoko mabapi le phaello ea matla a lipere ka lebelo le phahameng hammoho le karabelo e ntlafalitsoeng ea throttle, haholo-holo ka lebaka la kaho ea bona e bobebe e fokotsang boima ba koloi ka kakaretso, ka hona, linako tsa ho potlaka haholo!
Litlhaloso tse Eketsehileng
LIHLOOHO TSA TECH & Lisebelisoa
Ho Bala ho khothalelitsoeng
Bakeng sa ba chesehang ba batlang ho tebisa kutloisiso ea bona eaFE Ford e kenya mefuta e mengata, mehloli e mengata e fana ka lintlha tsa bohlokoa. TheE kholo ea FE Intake Comparoe hlahella e le thuto e akaretsang. Ka lilemo tse 'ne, mefuta e ka bang mashome a mane e fapaneng e ile ea hlahlojoa lienjineng tse tšeletseng, ho tloha ho 350 ho isa ho 675 horsepower. Teko ena e batsi e kenyelelitse litlhophiso tse tsamaellanang le boema-kepe le tse kentsoeng ka har'a naha, tse hlahisang litlhophiso tse fapaneng tse fetang mashome a mahlano.
"The Great FE Intake Comparo" e fana ka lintlha tse ngata mabapi le metrics ea ts'ebetso ea mefuta e fapaneng ea ho ja. Sesebelisoa sena ke sa bohlokoa ho ba batlang ho etsa liqeto tse nang le tsebo mabapi le kaho ea enjine ea bona.
E 'ngoe ea bohlokoa e baloang e kenyelletsa lingoliloeng tse tsoang hoGalaxie Club of America blog. Lingoliloeng tsena hangata li fana ka maikutlo a litsebi le litlhaloso tse qaqileng tsa mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea ho ja. TheSehlophae fana ka sethala sa ho arolelana liphihlelo le tsebo ea tekheniki har'a litho, ho e etsa sesebelisoa se setle bakeng sa lihahi tsa khale le tsa khale.
Maikutlo a Setsebi
Maikutlo a litsebi a phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho tataiseng ba chesehelang maikutlo ho etsa khetho e nepahetseng bakeng sa litlhoko tsa bona. Baenjiniere ba tummeng ba likoloi le bo-mak'henike hangata ba kenya letsoho likhatisong tse kangFord Club ea Amerikamakasine. Litsebi tsena li fana ka lintlha tsa tsoelo-pele ea morao-rao ea theknoloji ea ho sebelisa mekhoa e mengata le ho arolelana likeletso tse sebetsang tse ipapisitseng le lits'ebetso tsa lefats'e la nnete.
"Ho ntlafatsa mefuta e mengata ea lijo ho ka ntlafatsa phepelo ea moea ho silindara e 'ngoe le e' ngoe," ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea volumetric le ho eketsa matla a lipere, torque le karabelo ea throttle.
Hangata litsebi li khothaletsa mehlala e kang eaEdelbrock Performer RPMbakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa seterateng tse sebetsang hantle ka lebaka la kaho ea eona e bobebe ea aluminium le moralo o sebetsang hantle oa phallo ea moea. Bakeng sa ba tsepamisitseng maikutlo ho li-setups tse qobelloang, litsebi li totobatsaHo Kena ha Speedmaster Blowere le khetho e ntle haholo ka lebaka la moaho oa eona o matla le ho tsamaellana le sistimi ea blower.
LIPONYO LE LIKETSAHALO TSE TLA TLA
Liketsahalo tsa Indasteri
Ho lula u nchafalitsoe ka liketsahalo tsa indasteri ho bohlokoa ho batho ba chesehang ba batlang ho tseba ka tsoelopele ea morao-rao ea theknoloji ea likoloi. TheLIEKETSENG LI TLAkarolo ea liforamo tse fapaneng tsa likoloi e thathamisa mananeo a mangata moo bahlahisi ba bonts'ang lihlahisoa tse ncha, ho kenyeletsoa le mefuta e mengata ea ho ja.
Ketsahalo e 'ngoe e hlokomelehang ke AAPEX Show ea selemo le selemo e tšoaroang nako le nakoPhato. Ketsahalo ena e hohela baetapele ba indasteri ba hlahisang mahlale a likarolo tsa enjine joalo ka mefuta e mengata ea lijo. Batho ba tlileng kopanong ba na le menyetla ea ho buisana le litsebi, ho ea lithupelong, le ho paka lipontšo tsa ho kenya lihlahisoa.
TheSehlopha sa Galaxie sa Amerikae boetse e tšoara liketsahalo tse 'maloa ho pholletsa le selemo moo litho li ka bonts'ang likoloi tsa bona tse nang le likarolo tse fapaneng tsa marang-rang joalo ka mefuta e mengata ea lijo tse tsoang mefuteng e kang.Sealuma se seputsoakapa Edelbrock.
Sehlahisoa se Qala
Ho qalisoa ha lihlahisoa ho fana ka menyetla e thabisang bakeng sa ba chesehelang ho fumana matsoho a bona ho nchafatso ea morao-rao ea likarolo tsa enjene. Hangata bahlahisi ba sebelisa liketsahalo tsa indasteri kapa meketjana e inehetseng ea ho qala ho hlahisa lihlahisoa tse ncha.
Lilemong tsa morao tjena, lik'hamphani tse kang Edelbrock li lokolitse mefuta e tsoetseng pele ea mefuta e tummeng e kang eaMoetsi oa RPMletoto nakong ea liketsahalo tsena. Liketsahalo tsena li fana ka lintlha tse qaqileng mabapi le likarolo, litlhaloso, litheko, matsatsi a ho fumaneha ha tsona hammoho le litheolelo tse khethehileng tse fumanehang feela nakong ea ho qala, e leng se etsang hore li lebeletsoe haholo har'a lihlopha tsa likoloi ho kenyeletsa le tse amanang le mekhatlo e kangSehlopha sa Fordkapa sechaba se pharaletseng ka har'a mekoloko ea likoloi lefatšeng ka bophara!
Phatlalatso e 'ngoe e hlokomelehang e ne e le ea Speedmaster ha ba ne ba hlahisa mofuta oa bona o ikhethileng oa blower o etselitsoeng ka kotloloho ho holisa bokhoni ka li-setups tsa induction tse qobelloang; yuniti ena e reka hoo e ka bang $385 ho kenyelletsa le ho tsamaisa thepa ea mahala ho e etsa hore e fihlellehe esita le lihahi tse hlokomelang lichelete tse batlang ho fihlela tekanyo e phahameng ea bang-for-buck e ka khonehang ntle le ho tela bokhabane ba boleng hobane karolo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e entsoe ka mahlale e netefatsa tšebelisano e ntle lipakeng tsa li-blocks ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ho netefatsa khokahano e se nang moeli hohle. Sistimi eohle ka boeona e qetella e entse hore ts'ebetso e be bonolo ka kakaretso ho sa tsotelehe hore na e tsamaisoa letsatsi le letsatsi ka matsatsi a pina a bahlabani ka ho tšoana!
"Lintlafatso tsa ts'ebetso tse kang tsena ha li ntlafatse bokhoni ba koloi ka kakaretso feela empa li boetse li eketsa boleng bo boholo ha ho nahanoa ka 'maraka oa thekiso moo likoloi tse ntlafalitsoeng li nang le litheko tse phahameng ha li bapisoa le li-stock."
Tlhahlobo ea mekhoa e mengata ea FE Ford e totobalitse lintlha tse 'maloa tsa bohlokoa. TheEdelbrock Performer RPMe hlahella ka lebaka la ho leka-lekana ha torque e tlaase le matla a phahameng a lipere, e leng se etsang hore e be khetho e holimo bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea seterateng. TheHo Kena ha Speedmaster Blowere ipabola ho setang se qobelloang sa induction, e fana ka phaello e kholo ea matla. FemeFord Cast Ironmanifolds a fana ka nako e telele le torque e ntle ea pheletso e tlase empa e haella ho li-RPM tse phahameng.
Nako ea poso: Jul-17-2024