I-Crankshaft Pulley kunye nezinto zeHarmonic Balancer zibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwesithuthi sakho, njengoko zisebenzela ukunciphisa ukungcangcazela kwe-injini kunye nokuqinisekisa amava okuqhuba kakuhle. Ukungasebenzi kakuhleGM Harmonic Balancerokanye i-crankshaft pulley inokukhokelela kwimiba ebalulekileyo, njengengxolo engaqhelekanga njengokuncwina okanye ukuntyiloza okuvela kumabhanti aphelileyo. Ukonyuka kweentshukumo ze-injini kunokucebisa ingxaki ngemathiriyeli yokumanzisa. I-GM Harmonic Balancer, eyenzelwe ngokukodwa izithuthi ze-GM, idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni intembeko ye-injini.Ukuqaphela le miqondiso kwangethubainokuthintela iingxaki ze-injini ezinzima kwixesha elizayo. Utyalo-mali kumgangathoInjini yeHarmonic Balancer, njenge-LS Harmonic Balancer, ibalulekile kwimpilo yesithuthi sakho.
Ukuqonda i-Crankshaft Pulley kunye neHarmonic Balancer
Umsebenzi kunye nokubaluleka
Indima kwiNdlela yokuSebenza
Unokuzibuza ukuba kutheni i-crankshaft pulley kunye ne-harmonic balancer zibaluleke kakhulu kwisithuthi sakho. La macandelo adlala indima ebalulekileyoukuphucula ukusebenza kwenjini. I-crankshaft pulley, ehlala yenziwe ngezinto ezifana nentsimbi okanye ialuminiyam, inceda ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kwesithuthi sakho ngokunciphisa ubunzima kunye nokufunxa iintshukumo. Oku kuncitshiswa kokungcangcazela kubalulekile kuba kuthintela ukuguga nokukrazuka ngokungeyomfuneko kwi-injini yakho. I-GM Harmonic Balancer, eyenzelwe ngokukodwa izithuthi zeGM, incedisa ngakumbi ekunciphiseni ukungcangcazela kweenjini. Ngokwenza njalo, iqinisekisa ukuba injini yakho iqhuba kakuhle kwaye ngokufanelekileyo, inegalelo kumava okuqhuba angcono.
Impembelelo kubomi obude beSithuthi
Ubomi obude besithuthi sakho buxhomekeke kakhulu kwimpilo yamacandelo ayo enjini. Ukusebenza kakuhleInjini yeHarmonic Balanceriyakwazi kakhuluukwandisa ubomi besithuthi sakho. Ngokudambisa iintshukumo, ikhusela amanye amalungu e-injini ekonakalisweni. Olu khuseleko lubalulekile kuba ukungcangcazela okugqithisileyo kunokukhokelela kukungasebenzi kakuhle kunye nomonakalo onokwenzeka kwizincedisi ze-injini. Utyalo-mali kwi-balancer ye-harmonic esemgangathweni ayiphuculi nje ukusebenza kodwa ikwakhusela isithuthi sakho ekulungisweni okunexabiso eliphezulu kwixesha elizayo.
Iimpawu zeCrankshaft Pulley zingalunganga
Ukungcangcazela kweNjini
Olunye lweempawu eziphawuleka kakhulu zepuli yecrankshaft engalunganga kukukhula kokungcangcazela kwe-injini. Unokuziva ezi ntshukumo zibonakala ngakumbi xa isithuthi sakho sisebenza. Iringi yerabha ngaphakathi kwepulley isebenza njengedampener ye-vibration. Ukuba lo msesane uyaguga okanye uyasilela, ukungcangcazela kunokutshintshela kwibhanti yokuqhuba, ebangela ukungonwabi kunye nomonakalo onokwenzeka. Kubalulekile ukulungisa ezi vibrations ngokukhawuleza ukuthintela iingxaki ezingaphaya.
Iingxolo ezingaqhelekanga
Iingxolo ezingaqhelekanga, ezifana nokuncwina okanye ukuntyiloza, zidla ngokubonisa ingxaki ngepuli ye-crankshaft. Ezi zandi zidla ngokuphuma kwiibhanti ezigugileyo okanye ukungahambi kakuhle okubangelwa yi-pulley ephosakeleyo. Ukuba uva ezi ngxolo, kubalulekile ukuhlola i-pulley kuwo nawuphi na umonakalo obonakalayo okanye ukungahambi kakuhle. Ukungahoyi ezi mpawu kunokukhokelela kwimiba enzima ngakumbi ye-injini ekuhambeni kwexesha. Ukuhlolwa rhoqo kunye nokugcinwa kunokukunceda ukuba ubambe ezi ngxaki kwangethuba, uqinisekise ukuba isithuthi sakho sihlala sikwimeko ephezulu.
Ukuqaphela iimpawu ze-Faulty Crankshaft Pulley okanye i-Harmonic Balancer
Ukubona iimpawu ze-crankshaft pulley ephosakeleyo okanye i-harmonic balancer kwangethuba kunokukusindisa ekulungiseni okuxabisa kakhulu. Masingene kwiiimpawu eziqhelekileyokunye nezalathi ezibonwayo ezinokucebisa into engalunganga.
Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo
Iingxolo ze-injini ezingaqhelekanga
Unokuqaphela ingxolo engaqhelekanga evela kwi-injini yakho. Ezi ngxolo zihlala zivakala ngathi zikhexile okanye zibethelwa, ngakumbi xa zinyuka isantya. Omnye umqhubi wabelane ngamava akhe okuva irhewu elingaqhelekanga emva kwebhokisi yeglavu, ethe yanxulumana nepuli yecrankshaft. Ukuba uva ingxolo enjalo, kubalulekile ukuphanda ngakumbi. Ingxolo inokuvela kwi-bearing embi ngaphakathi kwepulley okanye i-harmonic balancer. Ukungahoyi ezi zandi kunokukhokelela kwimiba enzima ngakumbi endleleni.
Ukonyuka kwe-injini yokungcangcazela lolunye uphawu oluxelayo. Unokuziva ezi ntshukumo ngakumbi xa isithuthi sakho sithe thaa. I-balancer embi ye-harmonic okanye i-crankshaft pulley inokubangela oku kungcangcazela. Inxalenye yerabha ngaphakathi kwe-harmonic balancer inceda ukudambisa ukungcangcazela. Xa le nxalenye iguga, ii-vibrations zinokutshintshela kwibhanti, zibangele ukungahambi kakuhle kunye nomonakalo onokwenzeka. Ukujongana noku ngcangcazela ngokukhawuleza kunokuthintela ezinye iingxaki.
Ukonyuka kwe-injini yokungcangcazela lolunye uphawu oluxelayo. Unokuziva ezi ntshukumo ngakumbi xa isithuthi sakho sithe thaa. I-balancer embi ye-harmonic okanye i-crankshaft pulley inokubangela oku kungcangcazela. Inxalenye yerabha ngaphakathi kwe-harmonic balancer inceda ukudambisa ukungcangcazela. Xa le nxalenye iguga, ii-vibrations zinokutshintshela kwibhanti, zibangele ukungahambi kakuhle kunye nomonakalo onokwenzeka. Ukujongana noku ngcangcazela ngokukhawuleza kunokuthintela ezinye iingxaki.
Iimpawu ezibonakalayo
Ukunxiba okubonakalayo kunye nokukrazula
Ukuhlolwa ngokukhawuleza okubonakalayo kunokutyhila okuninzi. Jonga ukugqoka okubonakalayo kunye nokukrazula kwi-pulley okanye i-harmonic balancer. Ukuqhekeka, amaqhekeza, okanye amaqhekeza alahlekileyo abonisa umonakalo. Izinto ezenziwe zerabha phakathi kwezangqa zangaphakathi nezingaphandle zesilinganisi se-harmonic zinokwahlulwa, zikhokelele ekubhibhidleni. Oku kwahlula kunokubangela ukuba ibhanti likhala, libonisa ingxaki. Ukuhlolwa rhoqo kunokukunceda ukuba ubambe le miba kwangoko.
Ukungalungelelanisi kakuhle
Ukungalungelelanisi ngomnye umkhondo obonakalayo. Ukuba uphawu lweziro kwiringi yangaphandle yesilinganisi seharmonic alihambelani nesigqubuthelo sebhanti lexesha, oko kungabonisa ingxaki. Ukungalungi kakuhle kunokubangela ukuba ibhanti lityibilike, elikhokelela kwingxolo eyongeziweyo kunye nokungcangcazela. Ukuqinisekisa ulungelelwaniso olufanelekileyo kunokunceda ukugcina ukusebenza kwesithuthi sakho.
Ngokugcina iliso kwezi mpawu kunye nezalathi, unokuqinisekisa ukuba isithuthi sakho sihamba kakuhle. Ukuba ukrokrela ukuba i-crankshaft pulley yakho imbi, cinga ngokubonisana nochwepheshe. Banokubonelela ngohlolo olucokisekileyo kwaye bacebise eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokwenza. Khumbula, ukutyala imali kumgangatho we-LS Harmonic Balancer kunokuphucula ukusebenza kwesithuthi sakho kunye nobomi obude.
Iindlela zokuxilonga
Ukuhlolwa Ngokwasemzimbeni
Ukujonga iiNdaba okanye Ukonakala
Unokuqala ukufumanisa i-crankshaft pulley ephosakeleyo okanye ibhalansi ye-harmonic ngokuqhuba uhlolo lomzimba. Jonga ngokusondeleyo kwi-pulley nayiphi na intanda ebonakalayo okanye umonakalo. Ezi ziphene zihlala zibonisa ukuguga kunye nokukrazula. Ukuba ubona naziphi na ii-dings okanye ii-chunks ezingekhoyo, kusenokuba lixesha lokuqwalasela ukutshintshwa. Ukuhlola rhoqo kukunceda ukuba ubambe le miba kwangethuba, ukuthintela iingxaki eziqatha ze-injini.
Ukuvavanya ulungelelwaniso lwePulley
Emva koko, hlola ukulungelelaniswa kwe-pulley. Ukungalungi kakuhle kunokubangela ukuba ibhanti lityibilike, elikhokelela kwingxolo eyongeziweyo kunye nokungcangcazela. Khangela ukuba uphawu lwe-zero kwiringi yangaphandle ye-harmonic balancer ihambelana nesigqubuthelo sebhanti lexesha. Ukuba akunjalo, unokuba nengxaki yolungelelwaniso. Ukuqinisekisa ulungelelwaniso olufanelekileyo kugcina isithuthi sakho sihamba kakuhle nangempumelelo.
Uvavanyo lokuSebenza
Uhlalutyo lweNdlela yokuSebenza
Uvavanyo lokusebenza lubonelela ngolwazi oluxabisekileyo kwimpilo ye-crankshaft pulley yakho kunye ne-harmonic balancer. Qala ngokuhlalutya ukusebenza kwenjini yakho. Nika ingqalelo kuzo naziphi na izandi ezingaqhelekanga okanye ukungcangcazela. Ezi mpawu zihlala zibonisa ingxaki nge-pulley okanye i-balancer. Injini esebenza kakuhle ibonisa ukuba la malungu asebenza ngokuchanekileyo.
Uvavanyo lokungcangcazela
Uvavanyo lokungcangcazela yenye indlela esebenzayo yokuxilonga. Sebenzisa isihlalutyi sokungcangcazela ukulinganisa amanqanaba okungcangcazela kwi-injini yakho. Ukungcangcazela okugqithisileyo kunokubonisa ibhalansi ye-harmonic ephosakeleyo okanye i-crankshaft pulley. Ngokuchonga ezi ntshukumo kwangethuba, unokuwulungisa umcimbi ngaphambi kokuba ukhokelele kumonakalo obaluleke ngakumbi we-injini. Uvavanyo lokungcangcazela rhoqo lunceda ukugcina ukusebenza kwesithuthi sakho kunye nobomi obude.
Ngokulandela ezi ndlela zokuxilonga, unokuqinisekisa ukuba isithuthi sakho sihlala sikwimeko ephezulu. Ukuba ukrokrela nayiphi na imiba, cinga ukubonisana nochwepheshe ukuze uhlolwe ngokucokisekileyo. Banokubonelela ngeengcebiso zengcali kwaye bacebise eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokwenza. Khumbula, ukutyala imali kwi-aumgangatho we-harmonic balanceriphucula ukusebenza kwesithuthi sakho kwaye yandise ubomi baso.
Iindlela ezicetyisiweyo zokuchongwa
Ukuchonga impazamoibhalansi ye-harmonic okanye i-crankshaft pulleykunokuba luqhinga, kodwa ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo kunye nobuchule, ungafikelela emazantsi omba. Nazi ezinye iindlela zokukunceda uchonge ingxaki.
Ukusebenzisa izixhobo zokuxilonga
Iskena se-OBD-II
Iskena se-OBD-II sisixhobo esiluncedo sokufumanisa imiba yesithuthi. Ungayiplaga kwindawo yokuxilonga yemoto yakho ukuze ufunde iikhowudi zempazamo. Ezi khowudi zinokukunika imikhondo malunga nokuba yintoni engalunganga ngepulley yakho yecrankshaft okanye isilinganisi seharmonic. Ukuba ubona iikhowudi ezinxulumene nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-injini okanye imiba yexesha, inokuba lixesha lokujonga ngakumbi kula macandelo. Iskena sikunceda ukuba ubambe iingxaki kwangethuba, sikusindisa ekulungiseni okunexabiso eliphezulu ezantsi kumgca.
I-Vibration Analyzer
Isihlalutyi sokungcangcazela silinganisa ukungcangcazela kwi-injini yakho. Ukungcangcazela okugqithisileyo kaninzi kubonisa ingxaki nge-harmonic balancer okanye i-crankshaft pulley. Ngokusebenzisa esi sixhobo, unokubona ukungcangcazela okungaqhelekanga okusenokungabonakali ngenye indlela. Ukuhlolwa rhoqo nge-vibration analyzer kunokukunceda ugcine ukusebenza kwesithuthi sakho kwaye uthintele umonakalo ongakumbi.
Uhlolo lobuNgcali
Ukubonisana noMechanic
Ngamanye amaxesha, kungcono ukuyishiya kubantu abanobuchule. Ukubonisana nomkhandi kunokukunika uhlolo olucokisekileyo lwesithuthi sakho. Oomatshini banamava kunye nezixhobo zokuxilonga imiba ngokuchanekileyo. Banokubona iingxaki onokuthi uziphose kwaye bakunike izisombululo zokuzilungisa. Ukuba awuqinisekanga ngemeko ye-crankshaft pulley yakho, ubuchule bomatshini bunokuba luncedo kakhulu.
Ukufuna Uluvo Lwesibini
Ukuba akuqinisekanga, ukufuna uluvo lwesibini kunokuba linyathelo lobulumko. Omnye umkhandi unokunikela ngembono eyahlukileyo okanye abambe into ephoswe kuqala. Le ndlela iqinisekisa ukuba ufumana ukuqonda okupheleleyo kwemeko yesithuthi sakho. Khumbula, kungcono ukukhuseleka kunokuzisola xa kuziwa kwimpilo yemoto yakho.
IiNgcali ze-BG zeeMotogxininisa ukubaluleka kokujongana nemiba ye-crankshaft pulley ngokukhawuleza. Balumkisa ngelithi isidambisi-manzi sokungcangcazela esophukileyo sinokukhokelela kumonakalo omkhulu we-injini, nto leyo ebiza imali eninzi ukuyilungisa. Ngokusebenzisa eziiindlela zokuxilonga, ungazibamba iingxaki kwangethuba kwaye ugcine isithuthi sakho sihamba kakuhle.
Ngokulandela ezi ndlela zicetyiswayo, unokwazi ukuchonga imiba ngokufanelekileyo ngepuli yakho yecrankshaft okanye ibhalansi yeharmonic. Nokuba usebenzisa izixhobo zokuxilonga okanye ufuna uncedo lobuchwephesha, ukuthatha inyathelo kwangoko kunokukusindisa kwiingxaki ezibalulekileyo kwixesha elizayo.
Izimvo zoluntu kunye namava ehlabathi okwenyani
Xa kuziwa kwi-crankshaft pulleys kunye ne-harmonic balancers, amava ehlabathi lokwenyani avela kubanini bezithuthi anokuba nokuqonda okumangalisayo. Unokufunda lukhulu kwabo baye bajamelana neengxaki ezifanayo baza bafumana izicombululo ezisebenzayo.
Imiba eqhelekileyo exelwe ngabanini beZithuthi
Iingxaki rhoqo ngeeModeli ezithile
Abanikazi bezithuthi abaninzi baye babelana ngamava abo ngeengxaki ze-crankshaft pulley kwiiforamu ezahlukeneyo. NgoJanuwari, amaLungu amaninzi anike ingxelo ngemiba enemizekelo ethile yeGM. Baqaphela ukunyuka kweenjini zokungcangcazela kunye nengxolo engaqhelekanga. Ezi ngxaki zihlala zivela kwiimodeli ezindala, ngakumbi ezo zinemayile ephezulu. Ukuba uqhuba i-Buick, i-Oldsmobile, i-Pontiac, okanye i-Chevrolet, unokufuna ukunikela ingqalelo engakumbi kwezi mpawu.
Izisombululo ezixelwe ngumsebenzisi
Abanini bakwabelane ngezisombululo ezibasebenzeleyo. Esinye isilungiso esiqhelekileyo sibandakanyaukubuyisela i-harmonic balancer esele igugilenge-GM Harmonic Balancer entsha. Olu tshintsho luhlala lusombulula imiba yokungcangcazela kunye nengxolo. Abanye abasebenzisi batusa ukujonga ukulungelelaniswa kwe-pulley ngokunjalo. Ukungahambi kakuhle kunokubangela ukuba ibhanti iqhube, ekhokelela kwiingxaki ezingaphezulu. Ngokujongana nale miba kwangethuba, unokuthintela ukonakala kwe-injini kakhulu.
Iingcebiso ezivela kwiiNgcali zeMoto
Ingcebiso yoLondolozo loThintelo
Iingcali zeemoto zigxininisa ukubaluleka kokugcinwa rhoqo. Bacebisa ukuba kucwangciswe uhlolo lwesiqhelo ukuze kubanjwe iingxaki ezinokubakho kwangethuba. Ngexesha lokutshekisha, kufuneka ujonge ukunxiba kunye nokukrazula okubonakalayo kwipulley ye-crankshaft kunye ne-harmonic balancer. Iingcali zikwancomela ukuphulaphula ingxolo engaqhelekanga, njengoko zinokubonisa imiba esisiseko. Ngokuhlala usebenza, ungasigcina isithuthi sakho sihamba kakuhle.
Izixhobo ezicetyiswayo kunye noBuchule
Iingcali zihlala zincoma ukusebenzisaizixhobo ezithile zokuxilongaimiba ye-crankshaft pulley. Isihlalutyi sokungcangcazela sinokukunceda ukuba ubone ukungcangcazela okungaqhelekanga kwi-injini yakho. Iskena se-OBD-II sesinye isixhobo esiluncedo. Ifunda iikhowudi zempazamo ezinokubonisa iingxaki ngepulley okanye ibhalansi ye-harmonic. Ngokusebenzisa ezi zixhobo, unokwazi ukubona imiba ngaphambi kokuba inyuke.
IiNgcali ze-BG zeeMotogxininisa ukubaluleka kokujongana neengxaki ze-crankshaft pulley ngokukhawuleza. Balumkisa ngelithi ukungayihoyi le miba kunokukhokelela ekulungisweni kweenjini okuxabisa imali eninzi. Ngokulandela iingcebiso zeengcali kunye nokufunda kwabanye abanikazi bezithuthi, unokuqinisekisa ukuba isithuthi sakho sihlala sikwimeko ephezulu.
Ukuba ufumana iingxaki nge-crankshaft pulley okanye i-harmonic balancer, cinga ukwabelana ngamava akho kwi-intanethi. Iiforum ezininzi zinika iinketho zokwabelana apho ungathumela khona ibali lakho kwaye ufumane impendulo kwamanye amaLungu. Unokufumana kwakhona ikhonkco lokuphawula kwimisonto ethile, ikuvumela ukuba udibanise nabanye abajongene neengxaki ezifanayo. Ukwabelana ngamava akho akuncedi kuphela ekufumaneni izisombululo kodwa kunceda nabanye ekuhlaleni.
Amanyathelo oThintelo kunye neeNgcebiso zokuLondoloza
Ukugcina isithuthi sakho sikwimo ephezulu kubandakanya ukujongwa rhoqo kunye nokutshintshwa kwangethuba. Makhe siphonononge imilinganiselo yothintelo kunye neengcebiso zokulungisa ukukunceda ubone kwaye ulungise imiba ngepuli yakho yecrankshaft okanye isilinganisi seharmonic.
IiNdlela zokuHlolwa rhoqo
Iitshekhi zoLondolozo olucwangcisiweyo
Ukuhlolwa rhoqo kulondolozo kubalulekile kwimpilo yesithuthi sakho. Kufuneka uzicwangcise ezi tshekhi ngokwencwadana yemigaqo yesithuthi sakho. Ngethuba lolu hlolo, gxininisa kwi-crankshaft pulley kunye ne-harmonic balancer. Jonga iimpawu zokuguga kunye nokukrazuka, njengokuqhekeka okanye ukungahambi kakuhle. Olu vavanyo lunokukunceda ukuba ubambe iingxaki kwangethuba, uthintele umonakalo omkhulu.
Iingcebiso zokuHlola ze-DIY
Unokwenza uhlolo oluthile ngokwakho. Qala ngokujonga ngokubonakalayo i-pulley kuwo nawuphi na umonakalo obonakalayo. Jonga ukushukuma okanye ukungahambi kakuhle, nto leyo enokubonisa ingxaki. Mamela ingxolo engaqhelekanga njengokutswina okanye ukuntyiloza. Ezi zandi zihlala zibonisa imiba ngepuli okanye amabhanti. Ngokuhlala uphaphile, unokulungisa imiba emincinci ngaphambi kokuba inyuke.
IziKhokelo zoTshintsho kunye noLungiso
Ukubuyisela nini iCrankshaft Pulley
Ukwazi ukuba ungayitshintsha nini i-crankshaft pulley yakho kubalulekile. Ukuba ubona ukungcangcazela okugqithisileyo okanye ukuva ingxolo engaqhelekanga, isenokuba lixesha lokutshintsha. Umsebenzisi ovela kwiforum ye-maxima.org wabelane ukuba i-crank pulley yabo ayiphumelelanga kwi-365k miles, ibangela imiba yebhanti. Ukutshintsha i-pulley ngokukhawuleza kunokuthintela umonakalo ongakumbi kwi-injini yakho.
Ukukhetha iiNdawo zokuTshintsha eziLungileyo
Ukukhetha iindawo zokutshintsha ezifanelekileyo kuqinisekisa ukuba isithuthi sakho sihamba kakuhle. Khetha amacandelo akumgangatho ophezulu njenge-GM Harmonic Balancer, eyenzelwe ngokukodwa izithuthi zeGM. Esi silinganisi sinciphisa ukungcangcazela kwe-injini kwaye siphucula ukusebenza. Xa ukhetha iinxalenye, qinisekisa ukuba ziyadibana okanye zigqithise iinkcukacha ze-OEM. Olu khetho luqinisekisa ukuhambelana nokuthembeka.
IiNgcali ze-BG zeeMotogxininisa ukubaluleka kokujongana nemiba ye-crankshaft pulley ngokukhawuleza. Ukungazihoyi ezi ngxaki kunokukhokelela ekulungisweni kwe-injini okuxabisa imali eninzi. Ngokulandela eziamanyathelo okuthintela kunye neengcebiso zokugcina, unokuyigcina inqwelo-mafutha yakho ikwimeko entle kakhulu kwaye uphephe ukonakala okungalindelekanga.
Ukubona i-crankshaft pulley engalunganga okanye i-harmonic balancer kwangethuba kunokukusindisa ekulungiseni okuxabisa kakhulu. Khumbula la manyathelo oxilongo angundoqo: jonga ingxolo engaqhelekanga, khangela ukungcangcazela kwe-injini, kwaye ujonge ukunxiba okubonakalayo. Ukuchongwa kwangexesha kunye nokulungiswa kubalulekile. Ukungcangcazela okugqithisileyo kunokukhokelela ekunxityweni kweenjini, kuchaphazela ukusebenza kunye nokuqina. Ukungaphumeleli kunokwenzeka nanini na, ngoko ukuhlala uphaphile kubalulekile. Ukuba awuqinisekanga, musa ukuthandabuza ukufuna uncedo lweengcali. Umkhandi unokukunika iingcebiso zengcali kwaye aqinisekise ukuba isithuthi sakho sihamba kakuhle. Gcina injini yakho isempilweni kwaye ukonwabele amava okuqhuba angcono.
Ixesha lokuposa: Oct-21-2024