Xa kuziwa6.7I-cummins Ibhalansi yokulinganisaI-Torque ipes, ukuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo ye-torque efanelekileyo yibala.I-torque efanelekileyoayiqinisekisi kuphelaUkhuseleko olukhuselekileyoyamacandelo kodwa kukwaphucula amandla abo okumelana nemikhosi yokusebenza. Olu qheliselo lubalulekile kwiinxalenye ezibalulekileyo ezinjengeebhuleki, ukunqunyanyiswa kunye neenkqubo zokuqhuba, ukukhusela ukusebenza nokhuseleko. Kuwo onke amashishini ahlukeneyo, ukubambelela kunyango lwexabiso le-tocise yinkqubo esemgangathweni yokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lweprojekthi. Kwindawo yokuhlala yemoto yedwa, iimpazamo kwi-torteners zikhokelele kwiUkusilela kwentlekele, egxininisa ukubaluleka kwezikhokelo zomenzi ezilandelayo.
Ukuqonda i-vallonanic upolther
Yintoni i-valve upounan ibhalansi?
A IvalveIbhalansi yokulinganisaicandelo elibalulekileyo kwi-injini edlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiUkunciphisa ukugcuma kwethayile. Ezi nzondo zibangelwa yinkqubo yokudibanisa kwaye inokukhokelela kumonakalo onokubakho ukuba awulawulwa ngokufanelekileyo. Ibhalansi iqulethe ubunzima obuqhotyoshelwe kwi-crankshaft, zenzelwe ukulwa nezi ntlobo zenzakalisayo eziyingozi kwaye ziqinisekise ukusebenza ngenjini ezigudileyo.
Ingaba isebenza kanjani
IIbhalansi yokulinganisaisebenza kumgaqo we-intertia kunye nokusasazwa okuninzi. Njengoko i-injini isebenza, ivelisa amandla edale ukuveza kwi-crankshaft. Ubunzima bebhalansi bubekwe ngokubonakalayo ukuba bakhuphele ezi nyibibani, ukubamba ngokufanelekileyo kwaye bathintele nayiphi na imiphumo emibi kwii-injini. Ngokufumana kunye nokungathathi cala la mandla, ibhalansi inegalelo kuzinzo ngokubanzi kunye nokusebenza kwenjini.
Imiba eqhelekileyo
Iimpawu zenqanaba lokulinganisa eliphosakeleyo
Ukuchonga imiba kunyeIbhalansi yokulinganisakubalulekile ukuba uhlale usempilweni. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zomncedisi oqhelekileyo zibandakanya ingxolo engaqhelekanga ivela kwi-injini, ebonakalayo ebonakalayo okanye yokungcungcutheka okanye ukungcungcutheka, kunye nexesha lokulinganisa kwixesha lenjini. Ukungazihoyi ezi zimpawu zilumkisayo kunokukhokelela kwiingxaki ezinzima ezantsi emgceni, kunokubangela ukulungiswa kweendleko okanye ukungaphumeleli kwenjineli.
Iziphumo zokutyeshela imicimbi
UkungakhathaliIbhalansi yokulinganisaImicimbi inokuba nefuthe kwingozi yokusebenza kwezithuthi kunye nokhuseleko. Iingxaki ezingaphelelwanga zinokwanda ngokukhawuleza, zibangela umonakalo omkhulu kumacandelo e-injini echazayo kwaye zityeshela amava okuqhuba ngokubanzi. Kubalulekile ukujongana nazo naziphi na iinkxalabo ngokukhawuleza ukuthintela imiba ebalulekileyo ekuvenisweni.
I-Valve Collernic Internatic
Ukubaluleka kweTorque efanelekileyo
Ukuqinisekisa ukubaI-Valve Collernic Internatic is ihoyiwe ngokuchanekileyoibaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwayo esebenzayo. Useto olufanelekileyo lwe-torque luncedo ukugcina ingqibelelo yomlinganiso, ukuthintela ukuba kukhulula okanye ukungasebenzi kakuhle ngexesha lokusebenza. Ngokulandela imigaqo-nkqubo ye-torquer ekhuthazwe, unokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nobomi obude ngenjini yakho.
Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo
Impazamo enye eqhelekileyo xa ujongene nayoImali yokulinganisaIjongene nokubaluleka kwesicelo seTorque. Iinqobo zokuziphatha ezingalunganga ze-torque okanye iindlela zokuqinisa eziqinisekileyo zingakhokelela kwintsebenzo ye-suboptimal kunye neengozi zokhuseleko ezinokubakho. Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezinobuchule kwaye ulandele izikhokelo ezithile xa kuninzi kakhulu kwintengo yokulinganisa ukunqanda iindleko zexabiso.
Iimpendulo
Izimvo zeengcali
Buza, ingcali kwisakhiwo se-injini, igxininisa ifuthe leuxinzelelo lwegesiKwigumbi lokudibana kwi-crankshaft ephosakele. Ngoku kaBuza, ukwanda kwe-gesi yoxinzelelo kwimithombo yokujija evuthayo kwi-crankshaft ephosakele, ekhokelela kwiI-Torsional Debses. Umsebenzi ophambili wenkonzo yokulinganisa kukunciphisa i-Alelliting yezi zincopho zichithwayo kwi-torinary ukuya kwinqanaba elithathwa njengelishwanzwa.
Buza: Ukonyuka koxinzelelo lwegesi kwi-rander ye-quards elingana namandla anyukayo anyukayo kwi-crankshaft ephosakele. Oku kubangela ukungahambi kakuhle okanye ukujija intshukumo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-torifaional. Umsebenzi webhalansi yokulinganisa kukunciphisa i-Aleblity ye-Tolional Deaction ukuya kwinqanaba elamkelekileyo.
Rose, ekhethekileyo kwiinjini ekhutshiweyo, icacisa ithutyanaIingcambu-isitayile se-super'Ukusebenza ngebhanti yerabha enerabha. Kule meko, kuyafana ukuba isebenze ngaphandle kwe-gorint ngenxa yezinto ezifana ne-supercharger kunye nebhanti yolule i-injini.
Rose: Kwizingca ezindala-isitayile se-supersger xa usebenzisa ibhanti yerabha yerabha, iseyinto eqhelekileyo ukubaleka ngaphandle kwento engaqhelekanga. Ukurhuqa rhoqo kwe-Supercharger kunye ne-bhanti yerabha yanceda ukuthoba injini.
Imibuzo eqhelekileyo
- Ngaba idlala yiphi indima yoxinzelelo lwegesi ekwenzeni izinto zokuziphatha kakuhle?
- Uxinzelelo lwegesi ngaphakathi kwe-charuser certs i-crunes kwi-cranksshaft iphosakele, ukhusela izimvo ezijijekileyo njengezingca.
- Kutheni le nto ibalulekile ukuze bakwazi ukulungelelwanisa ukunciphisa okuguqukayo?
- Ingxowa-mali yokulinganisa ibalulekile njengoko ichana kwaye inciphise ezi nzondo ziyingozi, iqinisekisa ukusebenza ngenjini egudileyo kunye nobomi obude.
- Ngaba kukhuselekile ukusebenzisa iingcambu zeengcambu ze-super-speeds ngaphandle kweyona nto iphambili?
- Ngelixa ixhaphakile, esebenza ngaphandle kwe-raint inokukhokelela kwimiba enokubakho ngenxa yezinto ezinje ngebhanti yoluliweyo kunye nokuziqhelanisa ne-supercharger.
Izithuba zamva
Uphuhliso lwamva nje
Kwimizi-mveliso yakutshanje, kuye kwakho utshintsho olubonakalayo lokusebenzisaI-DEPERSE YINGCINEngeenjini ngaphesheyaIimodeli ezahlukeneyo zezithuthi. Abavelisi bagxile ngakumbi ekuphuculeni ukwenziwa kwe-injini ye-injini kunye nokusebenza ngokubandakanya itekhnoloji yokuNgenela kwiMveliso.
Iindaba zeShishini
Umzi-mveliso weemoto uqhubeka nokuhambela phambili kwinkqubela phambili yokulinganisa itekhnoloji ejolise ekwenzeni ukusebenza kwe-injini ye-injini kunye nokunciphisa impahla kunye nokukrazula. Iingcali zeShishini ziqikelela ekuthinteleni imfuno yabasebenzi abanobunjineli abafanelekileyo abayele ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zomsebenzi wezinto zokugqitha ngelixa kuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwexesha elide.
6.7 I-CUMMSS I-Collermonic Seltique Strates
Icacisiwe i-6.7 cummins
Useto lwe-torque
NiniUkutshintsha ibhalansi yokulinganisaKwimoto yakho, kubalulekile ukubambelela kwiI-torque echanekileyoUkuqinisekisa intsebenzo efanelekileyo kunye nokhuseleko. Kwi-injini ye-6.7 ye-6.7, iseti ye-torque ecetyiswayo ye-bolthi yebhalansiI-92 ft-lbs or I-125 NM. Eli xabiso libaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni ukusebenza kwebhalansi kunye nokuthintela nayiphi na imiba enokubakho enokuthi ivele kufakelo olungafanelekanga.
Izixhobo ezifunekayo
Ukufezekisa useto lwetotar Qinisekisa ukuba une-Wrecque Wrewque ethembekileyo enokufikelela kwixabiso leTorque elichaziweyo ngokuchanekileyo. Ukongeza, cinga usebenzisaI-arpI-ultra torqueIsantyaIndibano yeNdibanoXa uqinisekisa ukuba90-10 ft-lbsyeziphumo eziphezulu. Ngokusebenzisa eziizixhobo ngokuchanekileyo, unokuqinisekisa ufakelo olukhuselekileyo noluchanekileyo lwenkonzo yokulinganisa kwi-injini yakho.
I-Torque Angle Gauge
Ukusetyenziswa
Ukongeza ekusebenziseni amaxabiso afanelekileyo eTorque, ukusebenzisa i-AI-Torque Angle Gaugeinokuphucula ngakumbi ukuchaneka kwenkqubo yakho yokufaka. Igeji ye-torque engle ikuvumela ukuba ulinganise ujikelezo lwezinto ezinqamlezileyo ngaphaya kokusekwa kwabo, ukubonelela ngomaleko ongezelelweyo wolawulo malunga neenkqubo zokuqinisa ngaphezulu kweenkqubo zokuqinisa.
Izibonelelo
Isibonelelo esiyintloko sokubandakanya i-torque ye-tuge kwimbonakalo yomsebenzi wakho ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu abazimiseleyo baqinile ukuba bachaneke kwiinkcazo ezichanekileyo malunga ne-Tortque Notle. Eli nqanaba lokuchaneka komngcipheko wokuqinisa amacandelo aphantsi okanye aqinileyo ngaphezulu njengabalinganisi, ukukhuthaza ubumnandi kunye nokuthembeka kwi-injini yakho.
Itota
Inkcazo
Kwizicelo zemoto,itotaIbhekisa kumandla ajikelezayo asetyenzisiweyo ngexesha lenkqubo yokuqinisa okuqinileyo. Ukufezekisa amaxabiso afanelekileyo eTorque kubalulekile ekukhuseleni izinto ngendlela esebenzayo kunye nokuthintela ukusilela okunokubakho ngenxa yoqhagamshelo oluzikhulu.
Ukubaluleka
Ukugcina amanqanaba eTorque efanelekileyo kuqinisekisa ukuba amasebe okulinganisa okuvisayo ayaqhotyoshelwa ngokukhuselekileyo, ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokutya okanye ukungasebenzi kakuhle ngexesha lokusebenza kwenjini. Ngokuqonda kunye nokuphumeza imigaqo-nkqubo ye-torque ngokuchanekileyo, ungayikhusela intsebenzo yakho ye-injini kunye nobomi obulungileyo.
ikona
Xa ujongaikonaKwisimo seTorque, sidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekumiseleni ukuthambeka okufanelekileyo kwamacandelo anjengeenkonzo zokulinganisa. Ukuqonda iidigri ijikaIyafuneka yokuqinisa iibhotile ngokuchanekileyo kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa uzinzo kunye nokusebenza kweenjini zenjini. Ngokusebenzisa iI-Torque Angle Gauge.
Indima kwi-Torque useto
IikonaUkulinganiswa ayisiyonto nje yokujika kodwa malunga nokuqinisekisa ukuba i-bolt nganye ifumana inani elifanelekileyo lamandla. Oku kuchaneka kubalulekile ekukhuseleni amacandelo abalulekileyo njengabalinganisi bokulinganisa, apho kuphambuka kancinci kunokukhokelela kwimicimbi yokusebenza okanye ukusilela okunokubakho. NgokubandakanyaI-Angle TorqueKwinkqubo yokuqinisa, oomatshini banokuqinisekisa ukuba yonke into eqhubekayo ikhuselwe ngokufanelekileyo, igalelo kumsebenzi we-injini egqibeleleyo.
Iindlela zokulinganisa
Xa kusenziwa isigqibo esifanelekileyodegrique, oochwephesha kufuneka balandele iindlela ezithile zokulinganisa ukufezekisa iziphumo ezichanekileyo. Sebenzisa umngxunya we-torque ngokudibeneyo ne-torque ye-torque engle ivumela ulawulo oluchanekileyo ngaphezulu kwamandla kunye ne-angle esetyenzisiweyo ngexesha lofakelo. Ngokulandela ukuyaInkcazo-nkqubelakunye nokusebenzisa iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokulinganisa, oomatshini banokuqinisekisa ukuba ingezo zokulinganisa ngokulinganayo liqhotyoshelwe ngokukhuselekileyo, ukukhuthaza ukusebenza kwe-injini kunye nokuthembeka.
iibhloko
Iindidi ezisetyenzisiweyo
- Iibhotile ezisemgangathweni: Ezi yiI-bolts zemveli zihlala zisetyenziswaUkufumana ingezo zokulinganisa. Beza ngobukhulu obahlukeneyo kunye nezixhobo zokuhlala inkcazo ye-injini eyahlukeneyo.
- I-bolts ephezulu: I-Nenjiwe yokumelana neenqobo zokuziphatha eziphezulu zeTorque, ezi boLT zibonelela ngokuqiniswa okuphuculweyo kunye nokuthembeka, ezibalulekileyo kwizinto ezibalulekileyo ezifana nabalinganisi.
- Iibhloko ezikhethekileyo: Yenzelwe izicelo ezithile, ezinjengeenjini zokubaleka okanye izithuthi ezinzima, ezi bolts zibonelela ngezisombululo ezinemigangatho yeemfuno ezizodwa zeTorte.
Iingcebiso zokufaka
- NiniukufakaI-Boltonic Senver, iqinisekisa ukuba imisonto icocekile kwaye ingenako inkunkuma ukukhuthaza unxibelelwano olukhuselekileyo.
- Faka isicelo sexabiso elincinci lentambo kwintambo ye-bolt ngaphambi kokufakelwa ukukhusela ukukhulula ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kweenjini.
- Sebenzisa aI-Sulique WrequeUkuqinisa ii-bolts ngokuthe ngcembe kwaye ngokulinganayo kwipateni yeCrisscross ukuhambisa umthwalo ngokulinganayo kwibhalansi.
- Qinisekisa inkcazo yomenzi womenzi wokuqinisa ukulandelelana kunye nexabiso le-torque ukuphepha ukuqinisa ngaphezulu okanye ukuqinisa.
igeji
Iindidi ezahlukeneyo
- I-Digital Torque Touge: Nikeza imilinganiselo echanekileyo ngexesha le-BOLT
- I-Aalog Torque Igeji: Sebenzisa imiboniso ye-analog yokufunda e-Angle, ukubonelela ngoomatshini kwingxelo ebonakalayo kujikelezo lwe-Fasttener.
- I-wireless torque igeji: Yenza ubonakaliso olude lwee-angles ezikude nge-Torque I-engless uqhagamshelo engenazingcingo, ekhulisa lula ngexesha lokufakelwa.
Iikhrayitheriya zokukhetha
- Qwalasela uluhlu lweTorque olwenziweyo kunye nenqanaba lokuchaneka xa ukhetha igeji ye-Torque eauge efanelekileyo yokufakelwa okulinganayo.
- Vavanya ukufundelwa kokubonisa kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokulula ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokukuko ngaphandle kweempazamo ngexesha lemilinganiselo ye-Angle.
- Khetha igeji kunye nolwakhiwo olomeleleyo kunye ne-ergonomic uyilo lokuphatha ukutya okukhululekileyo ngexesha lokusetyenziswa ixesha elide kwizicwangciso zemoto.
- Khetha imodeli enezinto ezongezelelweyo ezinjengememori okanye iindlela zokulinganisa zokuphucula izicelo ezahlukeneyo zetota.
isixhobo
Izixhobo ezibalulekileyo
- UnokuthenjwaI-Torque WrenchIyakwazi ukufikelela kwizinqophi zokuziphatha ezichaziweyo zichanekile ngokuchanekileyo.
- I-Thricock iqinisekisa ukuqina okukhuselekileyo ngokuthintela ukukhulula ngenxa ye-chibings, ukukhusela ukuthembeka kwamacandelo abalulekileyo.
- UlungelelanisweI-Torque Angle GaugsNikeza imilinganiselo ye-angle efanelekileyo ngexesha leenkqubo zokuqinisa, ukukhuthaza iinkqubo ezichanekileyo zokuhambisa.
Iingcebiso zolondolozo
- Rhoqo hlolisisa ukuqalisa kweTorque kunye ne-angle ye-GAUGS ngokweengcebiso zomenzi ukugcina ukuchaneka kwezicelo zeTorque.
- Gcina izixhobo kwindawo eyomileyo necocekileyo kude kubushushu obugqithisileyo okanye ukufuma ukuthintela ukonakala okanye ukungachaneki ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kwixesha elizayo.
- Faka endaweni yokonakala okanye eyona nto iyonakeleyo yezixhobo ngokukhawuleza ukunqanda ukulalanisa umgangatho wokufakelwa okulinganayo nokusilela ekungabikho mngcipheko.
Ukubaluleka kweTorque ngokuchanekileyo
Ukusebenza kwenjini
Impembelelo ekusebenzeni kakuhle
KufanelekileitotaIsicelo sempembelelo kakhuluinjiniintsebenzo. Xa izinto zikhuselwe ngeTorque ngokuchanekileyo, zisebenza ngokungagungqiyo, zilungiselela iyonkeintsebenzoyeinjini. Olu phawu luqinileyo luqinisekisa ukuba onke amalungu asebenza ngokuvisisanayo, ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokungasebenzi kakuhle kunye nokuphucula ukusebenzaukusebenza kakuhle.
Ixesha elide
Ubomi obude beinjiniibotshelelwe ngokusondeleyo kokuchaneka kweTorque. Ngokulandela ukucetyiswaI-Torque ipes, izinto ezibalulekileyo njengabalinganisi bokulinganisa i-vismonic zihlala zibambekile ngokuhamba kwexesha. Oku kunamathela okukhuselekileyo kuthintela ukunxiba ngaphambi kwexesha kunye nokukrazula, ekugqibeleni ukwandisa i-wospan4injiniindibano.
Iinkxalabo zokhuseleko
Umngcipheko onokubakho
I-torque engaphelelanga ibeka umngcipheko omkhulu wokhuseleko kuzo zombini iimoto kunye nabanye abasebenzisi bendlela. Izinto ezikhululekileyo ngenxa yokuthuthuzeleka okungafanelekanga kunokukhokelela ekungathobeleni okungalindelekanga ngelixa uqhuba, ukhuseleko ezindleleni. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu abazimiseleyo baqinile ukuba banciphise ngolu ngcipheko kwaye bakhuthaza amava akhuselekileyo yokuqhuba kuwo wonke umntu osendleleni.
Amanyathelo okuthintela
Ukuthintela iingozi zokhuseleko ezinxulumene noseto olungalunganga lweTorque, kubalulekile ukulandela izikhokelo zomenzi ngenkuthalo. Iitsheki zokulungiswa rhoqo kufuneka zibandakanye ukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu abazimiselweyo baphethwe. Ngokufaka iindlela ezifanelekileyo zetotane kwimigaqo yesondlo esebenzayo, abaqhubi banokulungisa imiba enokubakho ngaphambi kokuba bakhule kwiinkxalabo zokhuseleko.
Iindleko zeendleko
Iindleko zokulungisa
Ukutyeshela ingcaciso yesixhobo esifanelekileyo kunokubangela ukulungiswa ngexabiso eliphantsi. Izinto ezingakhuselekanga ngokwaneleyo zinokusilela ngaphambi kwexesha, ezikhokelela kwimonakaliso ebanzi ngaphakathiinjiniindibano. Ezi ndleko zokulungisa zinokuthintelwa lixesha lokutyala ixesha kunye nomzamo wokuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu abazimiselweyo baqiniswe ngokuchanekileyo kwasekuqaleni.
Imali eyoyikayo
Ngelixa ukubambelela kunyango lokuthintelwa kwi-Tritque Caciles kunokufuna ixesha elongezelelweyo kunye nezixhobo, ekugqibeleni ikhokelela kwimali eyongezelelweyo yethutyana. Ngokuthintela ukusilela kwecandelo ngaphambi kwexesha ngezenzo ezichanekileyo ezichanekileyo, abaqhubi bayakuthintela ukulungiswa kwexabiso kunye nokutshintshwa kwixesha elizayo. Utyalomali olungaphezulu kwisicelo esifanelekileyo se-Torque siguqulela ukonga okungaphezulu kolondolozo ngaphezulu kwexesha lokuphila kwesithuthi.
Vetd
Ividiyo yoMhla
I-Devens yevidiyo yanamhlanje ikwinkqubo ye-intrisote yeukrwele i-bolts ye-halticUkuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwenjini efanelekileyo. Umxholo wemfundo ubonelela ngesikhokelo senyathelo ngenyathelo ngenyathelo ngokuchanekileyoUkufaka useto lweTorque, egxininisa indima ebalulekileyo yokuchaneka kokuqinisa ukuthembeka kwe-injini.
Umxholo wemfundo
- Jonga ukubaluleka kokunamathela kwizikhokelo zobume beUkufakwa okusekekayo.
- Qonda ifuthe loxinzelelo lwegesi kwi-cranksshaft ephosakele kwaye abalinganisi bokulinganisa i-ticketional.
- Funda malunga ne-Torque ngqo6.7 Iinjini ze-cumminskunye nezixhobo ezifunekayo ezifunekayo zofakelo olufanelekileyo.
- Fumana ulwazi lweengcali ezivela kwiingcali zeshishini ngokubaluleka kwesicelo esichanekileyo se-torque kunye nokhuseleko.
"Ngesikhokelo se-cummins, i-torque i-bolts ukuya kwi-101 ft. Kwaye zisebenzise ioyile yenjini njengeoyile."
Kwiminyaka yanamhlanje yedijithali, ukwabelana ngolwazi kuyafikeleleka ngakumbi kunangaphambili. Ngokwenza uluntu lwethu ngomxholo onolwazi, sinokudityaniswa ngokudibeneyo ukuphucula ukuqonda kwethu iindlela zokulungisa izinto zemoto kwaye zikhuthaze amava okuqhuba ekhuselekileyo.
Ukuphinda kukhanye amanqaku afanelekileyo agxininisiweyo kuyo yonke ibhlog, kuyabonakala ukubaIsicelo esifanelekileyo seTorque yiparamountekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko lwezithuthi kunye nokusebenza. Ngokulandela ukuyaInkcazo-nkqubela, izinto zokulinganisa okuvisayo zihlala ziboshwe ngokukhuselekileyo, zinciphise umngcipheko wokungasebenzi kakuhle. Ukugxininisa i-torque echanekileyo ayikufaneli nje ukusebenza kwe-igesi kodwa kukwandisa ubomi obude. Ukuqukumbela, ukubeka phambili useto lwetotar ye-torque ngexesha lokulungisa ngumlinganiso obonakalayo onokuthi uthintele ukulungiswa kweendleko kwaye aphucule amava okuqhuba ngokubanzi.
Iziphumo zophando zesayensi:
- Kutheni le nto kubalulekile ukuba sinikele ingqalelo kwiNgcaciso yeTortee xa isebenza emotweni?
- Ukhuseleko
- Ukusebenza: I-torque efanelekileyo igcina amanqanaba okuqhuba kakuhle.
IXESHA LOKUQALA: INDLELA YOKUGQIBELA - 28-2024