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  • isibhengezo_sangaphakathi

Izinketho ezihamba phambili ze-Hemi 5.7 Exhaust Manifold

Izinketho ezihamba phambili ze-Hemi 5.7 Exhaust Manifold

Izinketho ezihamba phambili ze-Hemi 5.7 Exhaust Manifold

Umthombo Wesithombe:unsplash

Uma kufikaI-Hemi 5.7 exhaust manifolds, ukukhetha okulungile kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwenjini. Iinjini yokukhipha igesi eningiidlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kahle nokuhlala isikhathi eside, kube nomthelela ngqo ekusebenzeni kwakho konke kwemoto yakho. Izinkinga ezijwayelekile njengeukuvuza kanye nomsindo wokukhiyazingavela ngokuhlukahluka kwesitoko, okugqamisa isidingo sokuhlolaimakethe yangemuvaizixazululo. Leziizinketho ze-aftermarketzenzelwe ukuphakamisa kokubili ukusebenza nokuphila isikhathi eside, zinikeza uhla lwezinzuzo ezidlula izingxenye ezivamile.

I-Hemi 5.7I-Exhaust ManifoldUhlolojikelele

I-Hemi 5.7 Exhaust Manifold Overview
Umthombo Wesithombe:ama-pexels

Izinkinga Ezivamile Nge-Stock Manifolds

Ukuvuza Okuningi

Uma kufikaI-Hemi 5.7 exhaust manifolds, ukuvuza okuphindaphindiweziyinkinga evamile phakathi kwabanikazi bezimoto. Lokhu kuvuza kungaholela ekwehleni kokusebenza kwenjini nokusebenza kahle, kube nomthelela esenzweni sokushayela sisonke. Ukuchayeka njalo ekushiseni nasekucindezelweni kubangela ukuthi ama-gaskets amaningi awonakele ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okuholela ekuvuzeni kwe-exhaust okuthinta ukusebenza kwenjini.

Ukuze kubhekwane nalolu daba ngempumelelo, ukuthuthukela kumakethe amaningi alandelanayo ekhwalithi ephezulu kubalulekile. Ngokutshala imali endaweni ehlala njalo futhi enokwethenjelwai-aftermarket eningi, ungaqeda ubungozi bokuvuza futhi uqinisekise ukusebenza kahle kwenjini. NjengochwephesheBD Dizeliiphakamisa, izixazululo ezifana ne-aftermarket yazo eningi zinikeza enye indlela ephakeme kunenqwaba yesitoko, ethuthukisa kokubili ukwethembeka nokusebenza kahle.

Ukuqina Okukhathazayo

Enye inkinga evamile ehlotshaniswa nokuphindaphindeka kwesitoko ukuqina kwazo okulinganiselwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima. Ama-manifold enziwe efekthri angase angamelani nokushisa okunamandla okukhiqizwa izinjini ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, okuholela ekugugeni ngaphambi kwesikhathi kanye nokwehluleka okungenzeka. Lokhu kuntuleka kokuhlala isikhathi eside kungase kubangele ukulungiswa okumba eqolo kanye nokuyekethisa ekusebenzeni kwenjini.

Ngokukhetha inqwaba ye-aftermarket eyenzelweHemi 5.7 izinjini, ungathuthukisa kakhulu ukuqina kwesistimu yakho yokukhipha umoya. Izinketho ze-Aftermarket ezifana nalezo ezinikezwa nguI-BD Diesel inikeza amandla athuthukisiwekanye nokuqina, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwesikhathi eside ngaphandle kokuyekethisa ikhwalithi. Ukuthuthukela ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi eziqine kakhudlwana akusona nje isixazululo esisebenzayo kodwa futhi kuyisinyathelo esisebenzayo sokugcina impilo ende yemoto yakho.

Izinzuzo ze-Aftermarket Manifolds

Ukusebenza Okuthuthukisiwe

Ithuthukela emakethe yangemuvaqeda ngokuphindaphindiweinikeza okungaphezu nje kokuthuthukiswa kokuqina; iphinde inikeze umfutho omkhulu ekusebenzeni kwenjini. Ngokuthuthukisa ukugeleza kokukhipha kanye nokunciphisaingcindezi emuva, ukuphindaphindeka kwe-aftermarket kuthuthukisa amandla ehhashi nokuphuma kwetorque, kuletha umuzwa wokushayela onamandla kakhudlwana.

Izici zedizayini ezisha zokuphindaphindeka kwemakethe yangemuva kwemakethe zifaka isandla ekuthuthukisweni kokusebenza kahle, okuvumela injini ukuthi isebenze kumazinga aphezulu okusebenza ngokungaguquki. Ngezinketho ezinconywe uchwepheshe njenge-BD Diesel's aftermarket manifold, ungakwazi ukuvula amandla aphelele enjini yakho ye-Hemi 5.7 kuyilapho ujabulela ukulethwa kwamandla athuthukisiwe kuzo zonke izimo zokushayela.

Ukuqina Okuthuthukisiwe

Ngokungeziwe ekuthuthukiseni amandla okusebenza, ukuphindaphindeka kwe-aftermarket kubeka phambili ukuqina njengesici esiyinhloko. Ngokungafani nokuphindaphindeka kwesitoko okungase kunqotshwe ukuguga ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izixazululo ze-aftermarket zenziwe ngezinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu kanye nobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokuthembeka okuhlala isikhathi eside.

Ubuningi bemakethe yangemuva ye-BD Diesel ibonisa lokhu kuzibophezela ekuqineni ngokunikeza ukumelana okuphakeme nemijikelezo yokushisa nezingcindezi zemishini. Ngokutshala imali kunketho ye-aftermarket eyaziwa ngokwakhiwa kwayo okuqinile, uqinisekisa ukuthi isistimu yakho ye-exhaust ihlala iqinile ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima, ivikela impilo ende yenjini yakho.

Izinhlobo ze-Exhaust Manifolds

I-Short Tube Manifolds

Ezimotweni ezinezingqinamba zesikhala noma imikhawulo ethile yobude,ama-tube manifolds amafushaneukwethula isixazululo esifanelekile sokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuphuma kwe-exhaust ngaphakathi kwezingxenye zenjini ezivalekile. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo ezihlangene kodwa ezisebenza kahle zenzelwe ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza ngaphandle kokuyekethisa ezidingweni zesikhala noma amandla emoto.

Ukuphindaphindeka kwamashubhu amafushane kubaphatha kahle abashayeli abafuna impendulo ethuthukisiwe ye-throttle kanye nezinzuzo ze-torque ezimaphakathi nebanga ngaphandle kokudela izici zokulethwa kwamandla ezisezingeni eliphansi. Idizayini yabo ehlelekile ikhuthaza ukuphuma kwesisi esisheshayo kumasilinda, okunomthelela ekuphenduleni kwenjini iyonke ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwesivinini.

Ama-Tube Manifolds Amade

Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwe-spectrum amangaama-tube manifolds amade, okubeka phambili ukukhulisa izinzuzo zokusebenza kulo lonke ibanga elibanzi lama-RPM. Iklanyelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezivuselelwa kabusha noma izimoto ezifuna ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla aphezulu, amashubhu amaningi amade ahamba phambili ekuthuthukiseni amandla okugeleza komoya ukuze akhuphule ukuphuma kwamandla amahhashi.

Ukuphindaphindeka kwamashubhu amade kunwebeka phansi kusistimu yokukhipha umoya kunozakwabo bamashubhu amafushane, okuvumela imiphumela ethuthukisiwe yokulahla ethuthukisa ukusebenza kwe-RPM ephezulu kakhulu. Ngokusebenzisa lezi zinzuzo ngezinketho ezikhethwe ngokucophelela zamashubhu amade ezinhlobonhlobo ezenzelwe izinjini ze-Hemi 5.7, abashayeli bangathola intuthuko ebonakalayo ekulethweni kwamandla asezingeni eliphezulu ngaphandle kokudela izici zetorque ezisezingeni eliphansi.

Izinketho Eziphezulu Zokukhipha Okuningi

Izinketho Eziphezulu Zokukhipha Okuningi
Umthombo Wesithombe:ama-pexels

I-Factory Dodge Manifold

Uma ucabangelaqeda izinketho eziningiokwakhoHemi 5.7 injini, iI-Factory Dodge Manifoldigqama njengenketho ethembekile ehlanganisa ubuciko bekhwalithi namandla okusebenza athuthukisiwe. Njengoba yenziwe ngobunjiniyela obunembayo, le ngxubevange iklanyelwe ukubhekana nezinkinga ezivamile ezihlotshaniswa nobuningi besitoko, ihlinzeka ngesixazululo esiqinile esiqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwenjini.

Izici

  • Idizayini Ethuthukisiwe: TheI-Factory Dodge Manifoldihlanganisa ukwakhiwa okuqinile okumelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nokucindezeleka kwemishini, okuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuhlala isikhathi eside.
  • Ukusebenza Okuthuthukisiwe: Ngokuthuthukisa amandla e-exhaust flow, lokhu okuhlukahlukene kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwenjini namandla okukhipha amandla, kunikeze ukuthuthuka okubonakalayo kokwazi kwakho ukushayela.
  • Ukufakwa Okulula: Idizayinelwe ukuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo nezinjini ze-Hemi 5.7, iI-Factory Dodge Manifoldinikeza inqubo yokufaka eqondile enciphisa isikhathi sokuphumula.

Izinzuzo

  • Ukuqina: Ukutshala imali ku-I-Factory Dodge Manifoldiqinisekisa ukuphila isikhathi eside nokwethembeka, inciphisa ingozi yokwehluleka ngaphambi kwesikhathi kanye nokulungiswa okumba eqolo.
  • Ukuthuthukiswa Kokusebenza: Zizwa amandla amahhashi athuthukisiwe kanye nokulethwa kwetorque ngale nketho ye-aftermarket, evula amandla aphelele enjini yakho ye-Hemi 5.7.
  • Ukuthula Engqondweni: With theI-Factory Dodge Manifold, ungashayela ngokuzethemba wazi ukuthi isistimu yakho ye-exhaust ifakwe ingxenye yekhwalithi ephezulu ebeka kuqala kokubili ukusebenza nokuqina.

I-ARP Hardware Kit

Kulabo abafuna isendlalelo esengeziwe sokuqiniswa kwesistimu yabo yokukhipha umoya, iI-ARP Hardware Kitinikeza isisombululo esibanzi sokuthuthukisa ukuqina nokuthembeka kwenjini yakho ye-Hemi 5.7. Iklanyelwe ukubhekana nezinselele ezithile ezihlobene nokukhipha izinto eziningi ezifakiwe, le kit inikeza ukuthula kwengqondo ngokuthola izingxenye ezibalulekile ngempumelelo.

Izici

  • Ama-Fasteners Anwetshiwe: II-ARP Hardware Kitkufaka phakathi izixhumi ezinwetshiwe nama-spacers aklanyelwe ukumelanaukwanda okushisayo, ukuqinisekisa ukukhwezwa okuvikelekile kwama-nifold exhaust.
  • Heat ShieldUkuthuthukisa: Ngokuhlanganisa izindawo zokukhweza ezizimele zeizihlangu zokushisa, le khithi ivimbela izinkinga ezihlobene nokushisa ezingafaka engozini ukusebenza kukonke.
  • Izinto Ezisezingeni Eliphezulu: Ingxenye ngayinye kuI-ARP Hardware Kityakhiwe ngezinto eziyigugu ezaziwa ngamandla azo kanye nokuqina kwazo ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima.

Izinzuzo

  • Ukuthembeka Okuthuthukisiwe: Nge-I-ARP Hardware Kit, ungathemba ukuthi i-exhaust manifold yakhoiboshwe ngokuphepha, ukunciphisa ingozi yokuvuza noma ukwehluleka ngesikhathi sokusebenza.
  • Ubude besikhathi: Ngokutshala imali kule khithi yehadiwe, wandisa isikhathi sokuphila sezingxenye zesistimu yakho yokukhipha umoya, wehlise izindleko zokuyilungisa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
  • Ukuvumelana Kokusebenza Okuthuthukisiwe: Ukufakwa okuvikelekile okunikezwa yi-I-ARP Hardware Kitiqinisekisa ukusebenza okungaguquguquki okuvela enjinini yakho ye-Hemi 5.7 ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene zokushayela.

I-Aftermarket Kits

Lapho uhlola izinketho ezingaphezu kwezingxenye ezikhiqizwe yifekthri, amakhithi e-aftermarket anikezela ngendlela ehambisanayo yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza nokuqina kwenjini yakho ye-Hemi 5.7. Lawa makhithi aklanyelwe ukubhekana nezidingo ezithile ezihlobene nesistimu yokukhipha umoya ngenkathi ehlinzeka ngezinzuzo ezengeziwe eziphakamisa ukusebenza kwenjini kukonke.

Izici

  • Izixazululo Ezenziwe Ngokwezifiso: Amakhithi e-Aftermarket ahlinzeka ngezixazululo zomuntu siqu ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zomuntu ngamunye, ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nezinjini ze-Hemi 5.7.
  • Ukuthuthukiswa Kokusebenza: Ngokulungisa kahle amandla e-exhaust flow, lawa makhithi akhulisa ukusebenza kahle kwenjini kanye nokuphuma kwamandla ukuze uthole umuzwa ojabulisayo wokushayela.
  • Amaphakheji Aphelele: Kusukela kuma-gaskets kuya kumabhawodi nezinye izinto ezibalulekile, amakhithi e-aftermarket anikeza izixazululo ezihlangene zokuthuthukisa isistimu yakho yokukhipha umoya ngaphandle komthungo.

Izinzuzo

  • Ukuthuthukiswa Kokusebenza Okuhambisanayo: Ngamathuluzi e-aftermarket, ungenza ngokwezifiso izithuthukisi zakho zesistimu ye-exhaust ngokuvumelana nezintandokazi zakho nesitayela sokushayela.
  • Ukunakekela Okwenziwe Lula: Ukutshala imali kukhithi ye-aftermarket kuqondisa izinqubo zokulungisa ngokunikeza zonke izingxenye ezidingekayo kuphakheji eyodwa.
  • I-Versatility: Amakhithi e-Aftermarket ahlinzekela inhlobonhlobo yezinhlelo zokusebenza nokulungiswa, okukuvumela ukuthi uguqule injini yakho ye-Hemi 5.7 ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo zokusebenza eziguqukayo.

Izihloko

Izici

  • Ukugeleza Kwe-Exhaust Okuthuthukisiwe: Izihloko zenzelwe ukuthuthukisa ukugeleza kwamagesi e-exhaust, ukunciphisa ukucindezela emuva nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwenjini.
  • Izinto Zekhwalithi Ephezulu: Zakhiwe ngezinto eziyigugu njengensimbi engagqwali noma insimbi evalwe ngeceramic, izihloko zinikeza ukuqina nokumelana nemijikelezo yokushisa.
  • I-Precision Engineering: Idizayini yezihloko iqinisekisa ukulingana okuphelele kwezinjini ze-Hemi 5.7, okukhuphula ukusebenza kahle kukonke kanye nokuphuma kwamandla.

Izinzuzo

  • Amandla Amahhashi Anyusiwe: Ngokuthuthukisa ukuthuthwa kwamanzi nokunciphisa imikhawulo, izihloko zithuthukisa amazinga wamandla amahhashi ukuze uthole umuzwa wokushayela ojabulisa kakhudlwana.
  • Umsindo Wenjini Ethuthukisiwe: Izihloko zinikeza inothi yokukhipha umoya ejulile futhi enolaka, engeza ukuthinta kwezemidlalo kuphrofayela yomsindo wemoto yakho.
  • Ukusebenza Kahle Kwezibaseli Okuthuthukisiwe: Ngokulawulwa okungcono kokugeleza kwe-exhaust, izihloko zingaba negalelo ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli ngokuthuthukisa izinqubo zokuvutha kwenjini.

I-Exhaust Manifolds ethuthukisiwe

Izici

  • Ama-Fasteners Anwetshiwe nama-Spacer: Ama-multifold exhaust athuthukisiwe afika afakwe izixhumi ezinwetshiwe nama-spacers amelana ngokuphumelelayo nokunwebeka okushisayo, okuqinisekisa ukukhweza okuvikelekile.
  • Idizayini Ewugqinsi: Iklanywe nge-high-silicon ductile iron, ama-manifolds athuthukisiwe aqhosha aukwakhiwa okukhuluelimelana nokungqubuzana ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu ukuze lisebenze isikhathi eside.
  • I-Independent Heat Shield Mounting: Ngokuhlukanisa isivikelo sokushisa kumabhawodi akhuphukayo, ama-manifold athuthukisiweukuthuthukisa ukwethembekafuthi uvimbele izinkinga ezihlobene nokushisa.

Izinzuzo

  • Ukuthembeka Kwesikhathi Eside: Ukutshala imali kumanifold exhaust athuthukisiwe kuqinisekisa ukuphila isikhathi eside nokusebenza okungaguquki ngaphandle kwengozi yokwehluleka ngaphambi kwesikhathi noma ukungasebenzi kahle.
  • Ukugcinwa Kokusebenza Okuphakeme: Ngokuqina okuthuthukisiwe nezici zedizayini eziqinile, ukuphindaphindeka okuthuthukisiwe kuqinisekisa ukuthi injini yakho ye-Hemi 5.7 isebenza ngamazinga aphezulu okusebenza esikhathini eside.
  • Izindleko Ezincishisiwe Zokulungisa: Izindlela eziningi ezithuthukisiwe zinciphisa izidingo zokunakekela kanye nezindleko zokulungisa ngokunikeza isixazululo esithembekile esidinga ukunakwa okungajwayelekile.

I-FelPro I-Gasketkanye ne-Bolt Kit

Izici

  • I-Premium Gasket Material: I-FelPro Gasket yakhiwe ngezinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezinikeza amandla okuvala aphakeme, ivimbele ukuvuza nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle.
  • I-Comprehensive Bolt Kit: Ikhithi ye-bolt ehlanganisiwe inikeza zonke izingxenye ezidingekayo zokufakwa okuphephile, okuqinisekisa ukuxhumana okuqinile phakathi kwezingxenye eziningi.
  • Inqubo Yokufaka Elula: Ngemiyalo esebenziseka kalula nokufaka okunembayo, i-FelPro Kit yenza ukufakwa kwama-gasket namabhawodi kube lula ukuze kulungiswe kahle.

Izinzuzo

  • Ukuvimbela Ukuvuza: I-FelPro Gasket ivala uxhumano lwe-exhaust ngempumelelo, isusa ubungozi bokuvuza okungafaka engozini ukusebenza kwenjini noma kuholele ezinkingeni zokusebenza.
  • Uxhumano Oluvikelekile: Ngokusebenzisa ikhithi yebhawudi ebanzi, uqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izingxenye ezihlukene zivikeleke ngokuqinile ndawonye, ​​​​ukuvikela ukwehluleka okungaba khona ngenxa yokufakwa okuxekethile.
  • Ukuvumelana Kokusebenza Okuthuthukisiwe: Ngama-gaskets athembekile nama-bolt avela ku-FelPro, ugcina amazinga okusebenza angaguquki kusuka kusistimu yakho yokukhipha umoya, okhuthaza ukusebenza kahle ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene zokushayela.

Ukukhetha I-Exhaust Manifold Elungile

Izinto Okufanele Zicabangele

Izidingo Zokusebenza

Uma ukhetha i-exhaust eningi efanelekile yenjini yakho ye-Hemi 5.7, ukubeka phambili izidingo zokusebenza kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwenjini yemoto yakho kanye nokuphuma kwamandla kuncike kakhulu ekukhetheni i-multifold ethuthukisa amandla e-exhaust flow. Ngokutshala imali kusixazululo se-aftermarket esiklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza, ungavula amandla aphelele enjini yakho ye-Hemi 5.7, uhlangabezane namandla amahhashi athuthukisiwe kanye nokulethwa kwetorque kuzo zonke izimo zokushayela.

  • CabangaI-BD Exhaust Manifolds Ethuthukisiweyezinjini ze-Dodge/RAM 5.7L HEMI, eziklanyelwe ukubhekana nokwehluleka okuvamile kwe-bolt ye-exhaust ngokuhlanganisa izibophelelo ezinwetshiwe nama-spacers amelana nokunwetshwa okushisayo ngokuphumelelayo.
  • Izwa ukusebenza okungenakuqhathaniswa nalokhuama-manifolds athuthukisiweyakhelwe ngezindawo ezizimele zokukhweza zezivikelo zokushisa, ezithuthukisa ukuthembeka nokuhlala isikhathi eside ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima.
  • Kwenziwe kusukahigh-silicon ductile iron, lezi zinhlobonhlobo ziziqhayisa ngomklamo owugqinsi omelana nokungqubuzana, oqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphezulu okuhlala isikhathi eside kwemoto yakho.

Isabelomali

Ngenkathi uhlola izinketho eziningi zokukhipha amandla enjini yakho ye-Hemi 5.7, ukuhlola ibhajethi yakho kudlala indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni isinqumo unolwazi. Ukukhetha i-aftermarket manifold eqondana nemikhawulo yesabelomali sakho ngaphandle kokuyekethisa ikhwalithi noma izithuthukisi zokusebenza kubalulekile. Ngohlu lwezinketho ezitholakalayo emakethe, kuyenzeka uthole uhlobo olufanele lwe-exhaust olunikeza kokubili ukuqina nokusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kwenjini ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo yakho yesabelomali.

  • BD Ukusebenza Kwediziliinikezela ngezimo ezithuthukisiwe zokukhipha iloli ze-Dodge/RAM eziklanyelwe ngqo izinjini ze-5.7L HEMI, ezihlinzeka ngezixazululo ezingabizi ngaphandle kokuyekethisa ikhwalithi noma ukusebenza.
  • Lezi zinhlobonhlobo ze-aftermarket zakhiwe ngobunjiniyela obunembayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle kwenjini kuyilapho kunikeza ukuqina nokwethembeka ngezintengo ezincintisanayo.
  • Ngokutshala imali ezinhlobonhlobo ezithuthukisiwe ze-BD, awugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwemoto yakho kodwa futhi ugcina ukufinyeleleka ngaphandle kokudela izinzuzo zesikhathi eside.

Ekugcineni, ukukhetha ifayelakhipha khipha okuningingenjini yakho ye-Hemi 5.7 ibalulekile ukuze uthuthukise ukusebenza nokuqina. Ngemva kokuhlola izinketho ezihlukahlukene, kuyabonakala ukuthi ukuthuthukela kuzixazululo ze-aftermarket ezifana nokuphindaphindwa kwe-BD okuthuthukisiwe kungabhekana nokwehluleka okuvamile kwamabhawodi futhi kuthuthukise ukwethembeka. Aklanywe ngobunjiniyela obunembayo nezinto zekhwalithi ephezulu, lezi zinhlobonhlobo zinikeza idizayini eqinile elwa nokungqubuzana futhi eqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphezulu okuhlala isikhathi eside. Ngokutshala imali kuleziizinketho ze-aftermarket, awugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa amandla emoto yakho kodwa futhi uvikela isisombululo esihlala isikhathi eside esibeka kuqala kokubili ukusebenza nokuphila isikhathi eside. Yenza ukukhetha okuhlakaniphile kwenjini yakho ye-Hemi 5.7 namuhla!

 


Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-11-2024